Q1. What are the two main sources of food for humans?
Ans. Plants and animals are the main sources of food.

Q2. What is the green revolution associated with?
Ans. The green revolution is associated with increased food grain production.

Q3. What is the white revolution related to?
Ans. The white revolution is related to increased milk production.

Q4. What are cereals rich in?
Ans. Cereals are rich in carbohydrates.

Q5. What do pulses mainly provide?
Ans. Pulses mainly provide proteins.

Q6. What do oilseeds provide?
Ans. Oilseeds provide fats.

Q7. What are kharif crops?
Ans. Crops grown in rainy season (June to October) are called kharif crops.

Q8. What are rabi crops?
Ans. Crops grown in winter season (November to April) are called rabi crops.

Q9. Name two examples of kharif crops.
Ans. Paddy and maize are kharif crops.

Q10. Name two examples of rabi crops.
Ans. Wheat and gram are rabi crops.

Q11. What is crop variety improvement?
Ans. Crop variety improvement refers to developing better crop varieties for high yield, quality, and resistance.

Q12. What is hybridisation?
Ans. Hybridisation is crossing between genetically dissimilar plants.

Q13. Name one method to develop genetically modified crops.
Ans. Introducing a specific gene into a plant.

Q14. What is biotic stress?
Ans. Stress caused by living factors like diseases and insects.

Q15. What is abiotic stress?
Ans. Stress caused by non-living factors like drought and salinity.

Q16. What is meant by wider adaptability?
Ans. Ability of crops to grow in different environmental conditions.

Q17. What is nutrient management?
Ans. Supplying proper nutrients to plants for better growth.

Q18. Name two macro-nutrients required by plants.
Ans. Nitrogen and phosphorus.

Q19. Name two micro-nutrients required by plants.
Ans. Iron and zinc.

Q20. What is manure?
Ans. Manure is organic matter obtained from decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste.

Q21. What is vermi-compost?
Ans. Compost prepared with the help of earthworms.

Q22. What is green manure?
Ans. Green plants ploughed into the soil to enrich it with nutrients.

Q23. What is fertilizer?
Ans. A chemical substance rich in plant nutrients.

Q24. Name two methods of irrigation.
Ans. Wells and canals.

Q25. What is mixed cropping?
Ans. Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field.

Q26. What is intercropping?
Ans. Growing two or more crops in a definite pattern on the same field.

Q27. What is crop rotation?
Ans. Growing different crops in succession on the same land.

Q28. What are weeds?
Ans. Unwanted plants growing along with crops.

Q29. What are herbicides?
Ans. Chemicals used to kill weeds.

Q30. What are insecticides and fungicides?
Ans. Chemicals used to kill insects and fungi.

Q31. What is animal husbandry?
Ans. Scientific management of animal livestock.

Q32. Name two Indian cattle breeds used for milch purposes.
Ans. Red Sindhi and Sahiwal.

Q33. What are milch animals?
Ans. Animals kept for milk production.

Q34. What are draught animals?
Ans. Animals used for farm labour.

Q35. What is poultry farming?
Ans. Rearing domestic fowl for eggs and meat.

Q36. What are broilers?
Ans. Poultry birds reared for meat.

Q37. What are layers?
Ans. Poultry birds reared for eggs.

Q38. What is aquaculture?
Ans. Farming of aquatic animals like fish.

Q39. What is mariculture?
Ans. Culture of marine fish and other marine organisms.

Q40. What is composite fish culture?
Ans. Rearing different species of fish together in a pond without competition for food.

Q41. Name two freshwater fish species.
Ans. Rohu and Catla.

Q42. What is bee-keeping?
Ans. Rearing of bees for honey and wax.

Q43. Name two Indian bee species used for honey production.
Ans. Apis cerana indica and Apis dorsata.

Q44. What is pasturage?
Ans. Availability of flowers for nectar collection by bees.

Q45. How can honey quality be improved?
Ans. By providing good pasturage with suitable flowers.

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Q1. What is sound?
Ans. Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears.

Q2. How is sound produced?
Ans. Sound is produced by the vibration of objects.

Q3. What is required for the propagation of sound?
Ans. A material medium like solid, liquid, or gas is required for the propagation of sound.

Q4. Can sound travel through vacuum?
Ans. No, sound cannot travel through vacuum.

Q5. What is a mechanical wave?
Ans. A mechanical wave is a disturbance that moves through a medium by particle vibration.

Q6. What are compressions and rarefactions?
Ans. Compressions are regions of high pressure and rarefactions are regions of low pressure.

Q7. What type of wave is a sound wave?
Ans. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

Q8. Define wavelength.
Ans. The distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions is called wavelength.

Q9. What is the SI unit of wavelength?
Ans. The SI unit of wavelength is metre (m).

Q10. Define frequency.
Ans. Frequency is the number of complete oscillations per second.

Q11. What is the SI unit of frequency?
Ans. The SI unit of frequency is hertz (Hz).

Q12. Define time period of a sound wave.
Ans. Time period is the time taken for one complete oscillation.

Q13. How are frequency and time period related?
Ans. Frequency (v) = 1 / Time period (T).

Q14. What determines the pitch of a sound?
Ans. Pitch is determined by the frequency of the sound wave.

Q15. What determines the loudness of a sound?
Ans. Loudness depends on the amplitude of the sound wave.

Q16. What is amplitude?
Ans. Amplitude is the maximum displacement of particles from their mean position.

Q17. What is the speed of sound in air at 25°C?
Ans. The speed of sound in air at 25°C is approximately 346 m/s.

Q18. In which medium does sound travel the fastest: air, water, or iron?
Ans. Sound travels fastest in iron.

Q19. What is an echo?
Ans. Echo is the reflection of sound that is heard after the original sound.

Q20. What is the minimum distance required to hear an echo?
Ans. At least 17.2 meters.

Q21. What is reverberation?
Ans. Reverberation is the persistence of sound due to multiple reflections.

Q22. How can reverberation be reduced in halls?
Ans. By using sound-absorbing materials like draperies and carpets.

Q23. What is the audible range of human hearing?
Ans. 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

Q24. What are sounds with frequency less than 20 Hz called?
Ans. Infrasonic sounds.

Q25. What are sounds with frequency more than 20,000 Hz called?
Ans. Ultrasonic sounds.

Q26. Name two animals that produce ultrasonic sounds.
Ans. Bats and dolphins.

Q27. Mention one application of ultrasound in the medical field.
Ans. Ultrasound is used for imaging internal organs like the liver and kidney.

Q28. What device helps hearing-impaired people hear sounds better?
Ans. Hearing aid.

Q29. How are flaws in metal blocks detected?
Ans. By using ultrasonic waves.

Q30. What is the relation between speed, frequency, and wavelength of sound?
Ans. Speed = Wavelength × Frequency (v = λν).

Class 9 Science Sound Notes

Sound One Liner Questions Class 9

CBSE Class 9 Chapter 11 Questions

Production of Sound Class 9

Echo and Ultrasound Class 9

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Q1. What is work in science?
Ans. Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object causes displacement.

Q2. Write the formula for work done.
Ans. Work done (W) = Force (F) × Displacement (s).

Q3. What is the SI unit of work?
Ans. The SI unit of work is joule (J).

Q4. Define 1 joule of work.
Ans. Work done is 1 joule when a force of 1 newton displaces an object by 1 meter in the direction of force.

Q5. When is the work done said to be positive?
Ans. Work is positive when force and displacement are in the same direction.

Q6. When is the work done said to be negative?
Ans. Work is negative when force and displacement are in opposite directions.

Q7. What is energy?
Ans. Energy is the capacity to do work.

Q8. What is the SI unit of energy?
Ans. The SI unit of energy is joule (J).

Q9. Name the two main types of mechanical energy.
Ans. Kinetic energy and potential energy.

Q10. What is kinetic energy?
Ans. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.

Q11. Write the expression for kinetic energy.
Ans. Kinetic energy (Ek) = ½ mv², where m = mass, v = velocity.

Q12. What happens to the kinetic energy if the velocity is doubled?
Ans. Kinetic energy becomes four times.

Q13. What is potential energy?
Ans. Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its position or configuration.

Q14. Write the expression for gravitational potential energy.
Ans. Potential energy (Ep) = mgh, where m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity, h = height.

Q15. State the law of conservation of energy.
Ans. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another.

Q16. What is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy called?
Ans. It is called mechanical energy.

Q17. What is power?
Ans. Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of energy transfer.

Q18. Write the formula for power.
Ans. Power (P) = Work done (W) / Time (t).

Q19. What is the SI unit of power?
Ans. The SI unit of power is watt (W).

Q20. Define 1 watt of power.
Ans. Power is said to be 1 watt when 1 joule of work is done in 1 second.

Q21. What is 1 kilowatt (kW)?
Ans. 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts.

Q22. What is average power?
Ans. Average power is the total work done divided by the total time taken.

Q23. Give an example of energy conversion in a windmill.
Ans. In a windmill, wind energy is converted into mechanical energy.

Q24. What type of energy is stored in a stretched rubber band?
Ans. Potential energy.

Q25. What happens to the energy of a freely falling object?
Ans. Its potential energy converts into kinetic energy.

Q26. How much energy is consumed if a 500 W appliance runs for 2 hours?
Ans. Energy = Power × Time = 500 × 2 = 1000 Wh = 1 kWh.

Q27. Name a device where chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.
Ans. Battery.

Q28. How much work is done when displacement is zero?
Ans. Work done is zero.

Q29. Does a person holding a load without moving do any work scientifically?
Ans. No, because there is no displacement.

Q30. What is mechanical energy?
Ans. Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of a body.

Class 9 Science Work and Energy Notes

Work and Energy One Liner Questions

CBSE Class 9 Chapter 10 Questions

Energy and Power Class 9 Science

Law of Conservation of Energy Notes

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Q1. Who discovered the universal law of gravitation?
Ans. Isaac Newton discovered the universal law of gravitation.

Q2. What is the force that attracts objects towards the center of the Earth?
Ans. Gravitational force attracts objects towards the center of the Earth.

Q3. What is the shape of the path traced by the stone when whirled in a circle and released?
Ans. It moves along a tangent to the circle.

Q4. What is the force acting towards the center in circular motion called?
Ans. It is called centripetal force.

Q5. State the Universal Law of Gravitation.
Ans. Every object attracts every other object with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Q6. What is the value of the universal gravitational constant (G)?
Ans. G = 6.673 × 10⁻¹¹ N m² kg⁻².

Q7. Who determined the value of G?
Ans. Henry Cavendish determined the value of G.

Q8. What is free fall?
Ans. When an object falls under the influence of gravitational force alone, it is called free fall.

Q9. What is the acceleration due to gravity symbolized as?
Ans. It is symbolized as “g”.

Q10. What is the standard value of acceleration due to gravity on Earth?
Ans. 9.8 m/s².

Q11. What is the formula for gravitational force (F) between two masses (M and m) separated by distance d?
Ans. F = G × (M × m) / d².

Q12. Does the mass of an object change with location?
Ans. No, mass remains constant everywhere.

Q13. What is weight?
Ans. Weight is the force with which an object is attracted towards the center of the Earth.

Q14. What is the formula for weight (W)?
Ans. W = m × g.

Q15. What is the SI unit of weight?
Ans. Newton (N).

Q16. How is weight on the Moon related to weight on Earth?
Ans. Weight on the Moon is 1/6th of the weight on Earth.

Q17. What is thrust?
Ans. Thrust is the force acting perpendicular to the surface.

Q18. Define pressure.
Ans. Pressure is thrust per unit area.

Q19. What is the SI unit of pressure?
Ans. Pascal (Pa).

Q20. What is buoyancy?
Ans. Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in it.

Q21. What determines whether an object floats or sinks in a fluid?
Ans. The density of the object compared to the fluid.

Q22. What happens when the density of an object is less than that of the liquid?
Ans. The object floats.

Q23. What happens when the density of an object is more than that of the liquid?
Ans. The object sinks.

Q24. What is Archimedes’ Principle?
Ans. When a body is immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

Q25. What is the application of Archimedes’ Principle?
Ans. It is used in designing ships, submarines, lactometers, and hydrometers.

Q26. Why is it difficult to hold a school bag with thin straps?
Ans. Because it exerts more pressure on the shoulder due to smaller area.

Q27. Why does a block of plastic released underwater rise up?
Ans. Because the buoyant force is greater than the weight of the plastic.

Q28. In which direction does the buoyant force act on an object submerged in a fluid?
Ans. It acts in the upward direction.

Q29. Why does a ship made of iron float while an iron nail sinks?
Ans. Because the ship’s average density is less than water, but the nail’s density is more.

Q30. What is the formula to calculate pressure?
Ans. Pressure = Thrust / Area.

Prepare for CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Gravitation with important one-liner questions and answers. Quick revision notes covering universal law of gravitation, free fall, buoyancy, Archimedes’ principle, and more!

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Q1. Who discovered cells for the first time?
Ans. Robert Hooke discovered cells for the first time in 1665.

Q2. What instrument did Robert Hooke use to observe cells?
Ans. Robert Hooke used a self-designed microscope.

Q3. What is the fundamental unit of life?
Ans. The cell is the fundamental unit of life.

Q4. Which substance forms the outer boundary of the cell?
Ans. The cell membrane (plasma membrane) forms the outer boundary.

Q5. What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Ans. The plasma membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Q6. Which process involves the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane?
Ans. Osmosis involves the movement of water.

Q7. What is diffusion?
Ans. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Q8. What is the jelly-like substance inside the cell called?
Ans. The jelly-like substance is called cytoplasm.

Q9. Which cell organelle controls all the activities of a cell?
Ans. The nucleus controls all the activities of a cell.

Q10. What are the thread-like structures present inside the nucleus called?
Ans. Chromosomes are the thread-like structures inside the nucleus.

Q11. What is the genetic material present in chromosomes?
Ans. DNA is the genetic material present in chromosomes.

Q12. What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Ans. The endoplasmic reticulum helps in the transport of materials inside the cell.

Q13. What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Ans. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER).

Q14. What is the main function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Ans. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum helps in protein synthesis.

Q15. What is the main function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Ans. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum helps in lipid synthesis.

Q16. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Ans. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages materials for transport.

Q17. What are lysosomes known as?
Ans. Lysosomes are known as the suicide bags of the cell.

Q18. Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Ans. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.

Q19. What energy molecule is produced by mitochondria?
Ans. Mitochondria produce ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).

Q20. What is the function of plastids in plant cells?
Ans. Plastids help in photosynthesis, storage, and pigment synthesis.

Q21. Name the green pigment present in chloroplasts.
Ans. Chlorophyll is the green pigment present in chloroplasts.

Q22. Which plastids store starch, oils, and proteins?
Ans. Leucoplasts store starch, oils, and proteins.

Q23. What are the small structures inside the cytoplasm called?
Ans. Organelles are small structures inside the cytoplasm.

Q24. What is the cell wall made of?
Ans. The cell wall is made of cellulose.

Q25. What is the function of the cell wall?
Ans. The cell wall provides structural support and protection.

Q26. What is the fluid-filled space inside the plant cell called?
Ans. The fluid-filled space is called the vacuole.

Q27. What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?
Ans. Vacuoles store nutrients, waste products, and help maintain turgor pressure.

Q28. What is the function of ribosomes?
Ans. Ribosomes help in protein synthesis.

Q29. Where are ribosomes found in the cell?
Ans. Ribosomes are found either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Q30. What is protoplasm?
Ans. Protoplasm is the living content of the cell, including cytoplasm and nucleus.

• Class 9 Science Chapter 5 One Liner
• The Fundamental Unit of Life Questions
• Class 9 Science Important Questions
• One Liner Science Questions Class 9
• CBSE Class 9 Chapter 5 Notes

One-Liner Questions and Answers – Chapter 5

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LET’S WORK THESE OUT

1. Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
Answer:
Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different. People’s needs, experiences, and living conditions vary, leading them to aspire for different goals. Hence, (b) is more important.

2. Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Answer:
No, they do not mean the same. Different developmental goals refer to the variety of aspirations people have based on their needs, while conflicting goals refer to when one person’s developmental goal may hinder or harm another’s development.

3. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer:
Examples:

• Equal treatment and respect.
• A pollution-free environment.
• Freedom and security.
• Good health and education.

4. Explain some of the important ideas of the above section in your own words.
Answer:
Development is not just about income; it includes non-material aspects like dignity, equality, and freedom. People have different and sometimes conflicting goals based on their unique circumstances.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Discuss the following situations:

1. Look at the picture. What should be the developmental goals for such an area?
Answer:
The developmental goals should include providing basic amenities like clean drinking water, good roads, healthcare, education, employment opportunities, and better housing.

2. Read the newspaper report and answer the questions:

(i) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
Answer:
The multinational company benefited. The local people and environment suffered due to toxic waste.

(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?
Answer:
The goal should be to ensure safe disposal of waste, protect health and environment, and promote sustainable development.

3. What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town, or locality?
Answer:

• Clean water supply.
• Good educational institutions.
• Proper healthcare facilities.
• Employment opportunities.
• Green environment.

LET’S WORK THESE OUT

1. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.
Answer:

• Comparing the average marks of students.
• Comparing average rainfall of different regions.
• Comparing average income of different states.

2. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Answer:
Average income helps compare the standard of living among countries or states and gives an idea of general prosperity.

3. Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?
Answer:
The distribution of income among people is important.

4. Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer:
No. For example, if the rich become richer and the poor remain the same or get poorer, the average may rise but inequalities increase.

5. From the text, find out the per capita income level of about 10–15 low-income countries as per World Development Reports.
Answer:
Countries with per capita income about US$ 2400 or less are classified as low-income countries.

6. Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
Answer:
India should focus on reducing inequalities, improving healthcare, education, employment opportunities, sustainable use of resources, and ensuring equality for all sections of society.

LET’S WORK THESE OUT

ACTIVITY 2

Fill in the blanks:
(a) The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is 76% for rural males and 54% for rural females. However, it is not just that these many adults could not attend school but that there are many children who are currently not in school.

(b) It is clear from the table that 15% of rural girls and 18% of rural boys are not attending school. Therefore, illiteracy among children in the age group 10-14 is as high as 10% for rural females and 15% for rural males.

(c) This high level of illiteracy among children aged 10-14 years even after more than 75 years of our independence is most disturbing.

1. Look at data in Tables 1.3 and 1.4. Is Haryana ahead of Kerala in literacy rate etc., as it is in terms of per capita income?
Answer:
No, Kerala is ahead of Haryana in literacy rate and health indicators despite Haryana having higher per capita income.

2. Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.
Answer:
Examples:

• Public parks.
• Community water supply.
• Public transportation.

3. Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
Answer:
No. Other factors include efficiency in implementation, awareness among people, equitable distribution, and quality of governance.

4. In a study, it was found that in Tamil Nadu, 90% rural people used a ration shop whereas in West Bengal only 35% used it. Where would people be better off and why?
Answer:
People would be better off in Tamil Nadu because greater access to ration shops ensures food security.

LET’S UNDERSTAND WHY

(a) Why groundwater is overused?
Answer:
Groundwater is overused due to intensive farming, increased population demands, and lack of proper water management.

(b) Can there be development without overuse?
Answer:
Yes, through sustainable practices, efficient use of resources, and adopting conservation methods.

(a) Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, crude oil is essential for transport, industries, and energy production, but reliance on it should be reduced.

(b) India has to import crude oil. What problems do you anticipate for the country looking at the above situation?
Answer:
Problems include rising import bills, trade deficits, inflation, and dependence on foreign countries for energy security.

EXERCISES

1. Development of a country can generally be determined by:
Answer: (iv) all the above

2. Which neighbouring country has better performance in terms of human development than India?
Answer: (ii) Sri Lanka

3. Income of the fourth family:
Answer: (iv) Rs 6000

4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion?
Answer:
The main criterion is per capita income. Limitations: It ignores distribution of income, health, education, and living conditions.

5. How is the criterion used by UNDP different from World Bank?
Answer:
UNDP uses Human Development Index, which includes income, education, and health, while World Bank uses only per capita income.

6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations?
Answer:
We use averages for comparison. Limitation: It hides disparities among individuals.

7. Kerala has lower per capita income but better human development than Haryana. Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, Kerala’s better education, health services, and lower IMR show that income alone is not sufficient for development.

8. Present sources of energy used in India and possibilities 50 years from now:
Answer:
Present sources: Coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity.
Future possibilities: Solar energy, wind energy, biofuels, and nuclear energy.

9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer:
Because future generations should also have resources to fulfill their needs.

10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” Discuss.
Answer:
This statement highlights that sustainable use of resources is necessary to meet everyone’s needs without overexploitation.

11. Examples of environmental degradation:
Answer:

• Deforestation.
• Air and water pollution.
• Soil erosion.

12. From Table 1.6, country at top and bottom for each item:
Answer:
Top – Sri Lanka; Bottom – Nepal or Myanmar depending on the indicator.

13. Based on BMI table:

(i) Compare Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
Kerala has lower undernourishment (8.5% males, 10% females) compared to Madhya Pradesh (28% males, 28% females).

(ii) Why is undernourishment high despite enough food?
Answer:
Due to unequal distribution, poverty, lack of purchasing power, and poor food management systems.

Class 10 Social Science: Development – Questions and Answers

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Think About It

1. What are Hari Singh’s reactions to the prospect of receiving an education? Do they change over time? What makes him return to Anil?

At first, Hari Singh sees education merely as a tool to enhance his skills in deception, believing that writing like an educated man would aid his thievery. However, as he spends time with Anil, who treats him with kindness and begins teaching him to read and write, Hari’s perspective shifts. He starts to value the honesty and respect that come with true education. This internal change, coupled with guilt over stealing from Anil, compels him to return and seek a better path.

2. Why does Anil not hand the thief over to the police? Do you think most people would have done so? In what ways is Anil different from such employers?

Anil chooses not to report Hari Singh to the police because he senses a genuine change in him. He values trust and believes in giving second chances. Unlike most employers who might have sought punishment, Anil’s compassionate and understanding nature sets him apart, aiming to reform rather than reprimand.

Talk About It

1. Do you think people like Anil and Hari Singh are found only in fiction, or are there such people in real life?

While characters like Anil and Hari Singh are rare, they do exist in real life. Some individuals, like Anil, choose to trust and uplift others, even those with troubled pasts. Similarly, people like Hari Singh can change when given support and understanding.

2. Do you think it is a significant detail in the story that Anil is a struggling writer? Does this explain his behaviour in any way?

Yes, Anil being a struggling writer highlights his modest lifestyle and irregular income. This background explains his empathetic behavior towards Hari Singh, as he understands hardship and chooses kindness over judgment.

3. Have you met anyone like Hari Singh? Can you think and imagine the circumstances that can turn a fifteen-year-old boy into a thief?

While I haven’t personally met someone like Hari Singh, it’s evident that poverty, lack of education, and absence of guidance can lead young individuals into crime. Desperation and survival instincts often drive such actions.

4. Where is the story set? Which language or languages are spoken in these places? Do you think the characters in the story spoke to each other in English?

The story appears to be set in a city in northern India, possibly near Lucknow, as suggested by references to local trains and markets. The primary language spoken would likely be Hindi. Given the context, it’s probable that the characters conversed in Hindi rather than English.

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Chapter 1 – Development (Economics)

What is Development?

• Development means improvement in lifestyle and well-being.
• People have different goals based on their needs and situations.
• Development includes better income, equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect.

Different People, Different Goals

• Everyone has different aspirations (hopes/desires).
• Example:
  • A landless laborer wants more work and better wages.
  • A girl may want the same freedom as her brother.
  • An industrialist may want more electricity, while tribals may want to protect their land from big dams.

So, one thing may be development for one person but destruction for another.

Income and Other Goals

• Most people want:
  • Regular income
  • Better wages
  • Good prices for their crops
• But people also want:
  • Equality
  • Freedom
  • Security
  • Self-respect

Non-material things are also very important and can’t be bought with money.

National Development

• Means growth and progress of the whole country.
• People may have different and conflicting ideas about what national development should be.
• We must choose what is best for most people and is fair and just.

How to Compare Countries?

• We usually use income as a measure.
• Per Capita Income = Total Income ÷ Total Population
• According to the World Bank (2023):
  • High income countries: $63,400/year or more
  • Low income countries: $2,400/year or less
  • India: Around $10,030/year → Low-middle income country

Why Average Income is Not Enough?

• Example:
  • Country A: All people have similar income → Fair
  • Country B: One rich person, rest very poor → Unfair
• Average hides the inequality in income.

Income and Other Criteria

Besides income, we must look at:

• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – lower is better
• Literacy Rate – higher is better
• Net Attendance Ratio – higher means more children in school

Example (2021–22):

Kerala is better in health and education despite lower income than Haryana.

Public Facilities

• Some important things can’t be bought (e.g., clean water, safe roads).
• These must be provided by the government, like:
  • Hospitals
  • Schools
  • Clean environment
  • Security

Human Development Index (HDI)

Published by UNDP, HDI includes:

1. Health (Life Expectancy)
2. Education (Mean Years of Schooling)
3. Income (GNI per capita)

Example from HDI Report 2023–24:

Some smaller countries like Sri Lanka perform better than India in HDI.

Sustainable Development

• Development must not harm future generations.
• Overuse of resources (like groundwater or crude oil) is dangerous.
• Example:
  • Groundwater in Punjab is overused.
  • Oil reserves may last only 47 years at current usage.

“We have not inherited the world from our forefathers, we have borrowed it from our children.”

Key Terms

Hindi-English mix notes

Chapter 1 – Development / विकास

Development का मतलब:

• Development का मतलब होता है बेहतर ज़िन्दगी जीने की कोशिश।
• सबकी ज़रूरतें अलग-अलग होती हैं, इसलिए development का मतलब भी अलग हो सकता है।

लोगों के Development Goals अलग क्यों होते हैं?

• Because लोग अलग होते हैं (Different people),
• और उनके जीवन की स्थिति भी अलग होती है (Different life situations)।

उदाहरण:

• किसान को अच्छी फसल और दाम चाहिए।
• लड़की चाहती है भाई जितनी आज़ादी।
• अमीर लड़का विदेश में पढ़ना चाहता है।

Income और Other Goals:

• हर कोई अच्छी income (आय) चाहता है।
• लेकिन साथ में लोग सम्मान (respect), आज़ादी (freedom), सुरक्षा (security) भी चाहते हैं।

National Development क्या होता है?

• जब पूरा देश आगे बढ़े, हर किसी को समान अवसर (equal opportunities) मिले।
• सभी के ideas अलग हो सकते हैं कि देश को कैसे विकसित किया जाए।

Average Income (Per Capita Income):

• Average income = Total income ÷ Total population
• World Bank के अनुसार:
  • High income countries: $63,400/year+
  • Low income countries: $2,400/year or less
  • India: $10,030/year (2023) → Low-middle income country

Income बराबर होने से सब कुछ ठीक नहीं होता:

Example:

• Country A: सबकी income लगभग बराबर → ठीक है
• Country B: एक आदमी बहुत अमीर, बाकी गरीब → फर्क होता है!

Public Facilities (सार्वजनिक सुविधाएं):

• पैसा सब कुछ नहीं खरीद सकता।
• Health, Education, Safe Environment जैसी चीजें सरकार को सबके लिए देनी चाहिए।

उदाहरण:

• Kerala में कम पैसा लेकिन ज़्यादा पढ़ाई, कम बच्चा मृत्यु (Infant Mortality Rate)।
• Haryana में ज़्यादा पैसा लेकिन ज़्यादा बच्चा मरते हैं।

Human Development Index (HDI):

UNDP (United Nations) देखता है:

• Per capita income
• Education (schooling)
• Health (life expectancy)

India HDI Rank: 134 (2023)
Sri Lanka Rank: 78
→ India needs to improve!

Sustainable Development (सतत विकास):

• ऐसा development जो भविष्य में भी चल सके।
• जल, तेल जैसे संसाधनों का जरूरत से ज़्यादा उपयोग → गलत है।

Example:

• Groundwater in India खत्म हो रहा है।
• Oil एक दिन खत्म हो जाएगा।

Important Terms:

• Per Capita Income: Average income per person
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): 1 साल से पहले मरने वाले बच्चों की संख्या (प्रति 1000)
• Literacy Rate: कितने लोग पढ़े-लिखे हैं
• Net Attendance Ratio: कितने बच्चे स्कूल जाते हैं (15–17 साल)

The post Class 10 Social Science – Chapter 1: Development appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

पत्र 1: पुस्तकालयाध्यक्ष को पुस्तक वापसी की तिथि बढ़ाने हेतु पत्र

सेवा में,
पुस्तकालयाध्यक्ष,
राजकीय उच्च माध्यमिक विद्यालय,
[आपका शहर],

विषय – पुस्तक वापसी की तिथि बढ़ाने हेतु निवेदन।

महोदय,

सविनय निवेदन है कि मैं कक्षा 10 का छात्र हूँ। कुछ दिन पूर्व मैंने विद्यालय के पुस्तकालय से ‘गणित की पाठ्य पुस्तक’ उधार ली थी। किन्हीं पारिवारिक कारणों से मैं पुस्तक समय पर पढ़ नहीं सका। अतः मैं आपसे निवेदन करता हूँ कि कृपया पुस्तक वापसी की तिथि को 7 दिन और बढ़ा दिया जाए, ताकि मैं पुस्तक को अच्छे से पढ़ सकूँ और निर्धारित समय पर वापस कर सकूँ।

आपकी कृपा होगी।

आपका आज्ञाकारी छात्र,
[आपका नाम]
कक्षा – 10
अनुक्रमांक – [अपना अनुक्रमांक लिखें]
दिनांक – [दिनांक लिखें]

पत्र 2: प्रधानाचार्य को विद्यालय में स्वच्छता अभियान चलाने के लिए पत्र

सेवा में,
प्रधानाचार्य महोदय,
राजकीय उच्च माध्यमिक विद्यालय,
[आपका शहर],

विषय – विद्यालय में स्वच्छता अभियान चलाने हेतु अनुरोध।

महोदय,

मैं कक्षा 10 का एक छात्र हूँ। मैं आपके ध्यान में यह लाना चाहता हूँ कि विद्यालय परिसर में स्वच्छता की स्थिति संतोषजनक नहीं है। कक्षा के कमरों, शौचालयों तथा मैदान की सफाई नियमित रूप से नहीं हो पा रही है। इससे विद्यार्थियों के स्वास्थ्य पर भी प्रभाव पड़ सकता है।

अतः मेरा आपसे विनम्र निवेदन है कि विद्यालय में एक साप्ताहिक स्वच्छता अभियान चलाया जाए और विद्यार्थियों को भी इसके लिए प्रेरित किया जाए। इससे स्वच्छता के प्रति जागरूकता बढ़ेगी और वातावरण भी स्वस्थ रहेगा।

आपकी कृपा के लिए सदा आभारी रहूँगा।

आपका आज्ञाकारी छात्र,
[आपका नाम]
कक्षा – 10
अनुक्रमांक – [अपना अनुक्रमांक लिखें]
दिनांक – [दिनांक लिखें]

HOME

The post कक्षा 10 औपचारिक पत्र appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

1. Multiple Choice Questions

(i) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
→ (c) Over irrigation

(ii) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?
→ (d) Uttarakhand

(iii) In which of the following states black soil is predominantly found?
→ (b) Maharashtra

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words

(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
→ Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh have black soil. The main crop grown in this soil is cotton.

(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
→ Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas.

• It is very fertile.
• Rich in potash and lime.
• Ideal for crops like paddy and wheat.

(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
→

• Contour ploughing
• Terrace farming
• Planting shelter belts of trees and grass

(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960–61?

India has a total geographical area of 3.28 million sq. km. Land in India is used for various purposes like forests, agriculture, pastures, industries, roads, buildings, etc. About 43% of land is plains, 30% is mountainous, and 27% is plateau region. These physical features affect how land is used.

Since 1960–61, the land under forests has not increased much because of population growth, urbanisation, and the expansion of agriculture and industries. More land is being used for non-agricultural activities like roads, houses, and industries. Although the National Forest Policy of 1952 aimed for 33% forest area, the actual percentage is still lower. Lack of strong efforts in afforestation is another reason for slow growth in forest area.

(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

Technical and economic development have led to more use of natural resources. With modern technology, machines are used in farming, factories, and transport. These machines need fuel, electricity, and water, which increases resource use.

In agriculture, use of chemical fertilisers, modern irrigation, and large equipment needs more water and energy. In industries, development increases demand for raw materials like minerals, wood, and fossil fuels. Economic growth leads to more buildings, vehicles, and products. People also want a higher standard of living, which leads to greater use of electricity, fuel, and land.

Thus, technical and economic progress has helped improve life but has also caused overuse and depletion of natural resources, leading to environmental problems.

The post Class 10 Geography ch1 Resources and Development appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.