Class 10 Democratic Politics Chapter 3 Electoral Politics

📘 Class 10 Democratic Politics Chapter 3 Electoral Politics Quick Revision Notes

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🔹 Why Elections? (चुनाव क्यों?)

• Democracy में लोग direct rule नहीं कर सकते → representatives चुनते हैं।
• Elections allow people to:
  ✅ Laws बनाने वालों को चुनना
  ✅ Government बनाने वालों को चुनना
  ✅ Party policies तय करने वालों को चुनना
• Example: Haryana (1987) – Devi Lal की Lok Dal जीती → loans माफ़ किए।
• Conclusion: Elections democracy की रीढ़ (backbone) हैं।

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🔹 Political Competition (राजनीतिक प्रतिस्पर्धा)

• Demerits: गुटबाज़ी, आरोप-प्रत्यारोप, short-term policies, अच्छे लोग politics से दूर रहते हैं।
• Merits: Leaders को जनता serve करने की मजबूरी होती है → otherwise हार जाते हैं।
• Analogy: Market जैसा system – shopkeeper profit चाहता है पर customer की service करनी ही पड़ती है।
• Conclusion: Competition democracy के लिए ज़रूरी है।

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🔹 Our System of Elections (हमारा चुनावी तंत्र)

1. General Election: हर 5 साल में Lok Sabha & Assembly dissolve → नए चुनाव।
2. By-Election: Death/resignation पर एक seat के लिए चुनाव।
3. Constituencies:
   • Lok Sabha → 543 MPs
   • Assemblies → अलग-अलग MLAs
   • Local level → Wards
4. Reserved Seats: SC (84), ST (47), OBC & Women (1/3 seats – 2023 Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam)।
5. Voters’ List: Universal Adult Franchise (18+) → EPIC card system।
6. Nomination: 25+ yrs, declaration of criminal cases, assets, education।
7. Campaign: 2 weeks, slogans (Garibi Hatao, Save Democracy, Land to the Tiller)।
   • Laws: No caste/religion appeal, no misuse of govt. resources, spending limit।
8. Polling & Counting: EVMs, candidate with highest votes wins।

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🔹 What makes Indian Elections Democratic?

1. Independent Election Commission (ECI):
   • Conducts & controls elections, implements Code of Conduct, order repoll, powerful & independent।
2. People’s Participation:
   • High turnout, poor & illiterate vote ज़्यादा proportion में।
3. Acceptance of Outcome:
   • Ruling parties हारती हैं, losers usually verdict मानते हैं।
4. Conclusion: Elections basically free & fair हैं, लेकिन कुछ challenges मौजूद।

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🔹 Challenges to Free & Fair Elections + Reforms

Challenges:

• धनबल (Money power)
• अपराधीकरण (Criminalisation)
• वंशवाद (Dynastic politics)
• Limited choice
• Malpractices (fake names, vote buying, caste/religion appeal)

Reforms:

• Transparent funding
• Ban on criminals
• Strengthen ECI
• Inner-party democracy
• State funding of elections
• Voter education (SVEEP programmes)

📌 25 जनवरी – National Voters’ Day → Pledge for free & fair voting.

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