Class 10 English (Complex Sentences)

⭐ Clauses (Complex Sentences) – List

(A clause = a group of words with a subject + verb)

1. Principal / Main Clause

Meaning: वह clause जो अपने आप में अर्थपूर्ण होता है।

Hindi: मुख्य उपवाक्य / स्वतंत्र उपवाक्य
Example:

I went home because it was raining.
(Main clause: I went home)

2. Subordinate Clause

Meaning: वह clause जो मुख्य clause पर निर्भर करता है।

Hindi: आश्रित उपवाक्य / गौण उपवाक्य
Example:

I went home because it was raining.
(Subordinate clause: because it was raining)

⭐ Types of Subordinate Clauses

A. Noun Clause (संज्ञा उपवाक्य)

Meaning: यह clause वाक्य में संज्ञा की तरह कार्य करता है।

Hindi: संज्ञा का कार्य करने वाला उपवाक्य
Works as: subject, object, complement

Examples:

I know that you are right. (object)
What he said is true. (subject)

B. Adjective Clause (विशेषण उपवाक्य)

Meaning: यह noun या pronoun को describe करता है।

Hindi: संज्ञा/सर्वनाम को विशेषता बताने वाला उपवाक्य
Begins with: who, which, that, whose, whom, where, when

Examples:

The boy who is standing there is my brother.
This is the book that I bought yesterday.

C. Adverb Clause (क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य)

Meaning: यह verb, adjective या adverb को modify करता है।

Hindi: क्रिया/विशेषण/क्रियाविशेषण की विशेषता बताने वाला उपवाक्य

Types of Adverb Clauses:
Below are the types with meanings.

1. Adverb Clause of Time

Hindi: समय बताने वाला उपवाक्य
Conjunctions: when, while, before, after, as, till
Example:

Wait till I come.

2. Adverb Clause of Place

Hindi: स्थान बताने वाला उपवाक्य
Conjunctions: where, wherever
Example:

Sit where you like.

3. Adverb Clause of Reason / Cause

Hindi: कारण बताने वाला उपवाक्य
Conjunctions: because, since, as
Example:

I stayed home because I was sick.

4. Adverb Clause of Purpose

Hindi: उद्देश्य बताने वाला उपवाक्य
Conjunctions: so that, in order that
Example:

He works hard so that he may succeed.

5. Adverb Clause of Result / Consequence

Hindi: परिणाम बताने वाला उपवाक्य
Conjunctions: so…that, such…that
Example:

He is so weak that he cannot walk.

6. Adverb Clause of Condition

Hindi: शर्त बताने वाला उपवाक्य
Conjunctions: if, unless, provided that
Example:

I will help you if you need me.

7. Adverb Clause of Concession / Contrast

Hindi: विरोध / विपरीत भावना बताने वाला उपवाक्य
Conjunctions: although, though, even if
Example:

Although he is rich, he is not happy.

8. Adverb Clause of Comparison

Hindi: तुलना बताने वाला उपवाक्य
Conjunctions: as…as, than
Example:

He is taller than I am.

⭐ Quick Summary Table

Clause	Hindi Meaning	Use
Main Clause	मुख्य उपवाक्य	स्वतंत्र अर्थ
Subordinate Clause	आश्रित उपवाक्य	मुख्य clause पर निर्भर
Noun Clause	संज्ञा उपवाक्य	subject/object/complement
Adjective Clause	विशेषण उपवाक्य	noun/pronoun को describe
Adverb Clause	क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य	verb/adjective/adverb को modify

⭐ List of Conjunctions

A. Conjunctions for Noun Clauses

Conjunction	Hindi Meaning
that	कि
what	क्या / जो
where	कहाँ
which	कौन सा / जो
who	कौन / जो
whom	किसे / जिसे
how	कैसे
why	क्यों
whether	क्या (शंका/चयन के लिए)
if	यदि / अगर (in indirect questions)

B. Conjunctions for Adjective Clauses

Conjunction	Hindi Meaning
who	जो (व्यक्ति के लिए)
whom	जिसे / जिन्हें
whose	जिसका / जिसके
which	जो (वस्तु/जानवर के लिए)
that	जो

C. Conjunctions for Adverb Clauses

1. Time (समय)

Conjunction	Hindi Meaning
when	जब
while	जबकि / जब तक
before	पहले
after	बाद में
as	जैसे ही
till / until	जब तक

2. Place (स्थान)

Conjunction	Hindi Meaning
where	जहाँ
wherever	जहाँ भी

3. Reason / Cause (कारण)

Conjunction	Hindi Meaning
because	क्योंकि
since	चूँकि
as	क्योंकि / चूँकि

4. Purpose (उद्देश्य)

Conjunction	Hindi Meaning
so that	ताकि
in order that	इस उद्देश्य से कि

5. Result / Consequence (परिणाम)

Conjunction	Hindi Meaning
so…that	इतना…कि
such…that	ऐसा…कि

6. Condition (शर्त)

Conjunction	Hindi Meaning
if	यदि / अगर
unless	जब तक नहीं
provided that	बशर्ते कि

7. Concession / Contrast (विरोध / विपरीत)

Conjunction	Hindi Meaning
although	यद्यपि
though	हालांकि
even if	भले ही

8. Comparison (तुलना)

Conjunction	Hindi Meaning
as…as	जितना…उतना
than	से (तुलना में)