Chapter 6: Getting Connected (The Internet)
Physics/CS Integrated Notes – टॉपर्स हैंडबुक
1. Introduction to the Internet (परिचय)
- ➤ The Internet is the Network of Networks.
- ➤ It links millions of computers, smartphones, and servers globally via cables, satellites, and wireless connections.
- ➤ पहले हम पुस्तकालय (Library) जाते थे, अब हमारे पास इंटरनेट है!
Fig 1.1: Basic Decentralized Mesh
Components needed to Connect:
1. Hardware (Computer/Smartphone)
2. Communication Link (Phone lines, Fibre-optic, Radio waves)
3. Software (Web Browser)
4. ISP (Internet Service Provider) – Example: Jio, Airtel, BSNL.
2. WWW vs Internet (अंतर समझें)
Most students confuse these two. Don’t be one of them!
The Internet
The physical infrastructure (wires, hardware) that carries data. (जैसे सड़कें)
WWW
The collection of info/pages shared over the internet. (जैसे सड़कों पर चलने वाली गाड़ियाँ)
Understanding URL (एड्रेस बार)
URL = Uniform Resource Locator. Every page has a unique one.
★ याद रखें: HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
3. Communication Protocols (प्रोटोकॉल)
Think of protocols as the “Grammar” of the Internet. Without rules, data gets lost.
TCP/IP: The Foundation
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. It breaks data into Packets and sends them across the world.
- 1. SMTP: For sending emails. (चिट्ठी भेजने के लिए)
- 2. IMAP/POP3: For receiving emails.
- 3. HTTPS: ‘S’ stands for Secure. It encrypts your data!
- 4. FTP: File Transfer Protocol (फाइल्स शेयर करने के लिए).
IP Address: Just like your home address, every computer has a unique numerical label (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
4. Electronic Mail (Email) (ईमेल)
Fastest way to send messages. An email ID consists of two parts:
उदाहरण: deepak@gmail.com
Standard Email Folders:
● Inbox: Received mail.
● Sent: Mails you sent.
● Drafts: Half-written mails.
● Spam/Junk: Unwanted ads.
● Trash/Bin: Deleted mails.
Exercise: Spot the Invalid Email!
1. Muskan.gmail.com (Missing ‘@’)
2. School_@yahoo.com ✓
5. Searching & Online Services (सर्चिंग)
A Search Engine is a software designed to find info on the WWW. Examples: Google, Bing, Yahoo, DuckDuckGo.
Govt of India Portals (Must Know!)
| Website | Purpose |
|---|---|
| mygov.in | Citizen Engagement (जनभागीदारी) |
| swayam.gov.in | Online Free Courses |
| ndl.iitkgp.ac.in | National Digital Library |
| ors.gov.in | Hospital Appointment |
Pro-Tip for Searching: Use “Quotes” for exact phrases!
6. Cyber Safety & Ethics (सुरक्षा)
Netiquettes (नेट-शिष्टाचार):
- ✔ Be respectful to others.
- ✔ Don’t copy-paste without credit (Avoid Plagiarism).
- ✘ DON’T USE ALL CAPS (It sounds like shouting!).
- ✘ Don’t share fake news.
Digital Footprints
Everything you do—likes, comments, searches—is recorded. This is your Digital Footprint.
चेतावनी (Warning): Your footprint is permanent. It can be used by employers or universities in the future!
— End of Detailed Notes —