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Population – Topper Notes Population (जनसंख्या) 1. Introduction Population: The pivotal element in social studies. Human beings are producers & consumers of earth’s resources. ‘Resources’, ‘calamities’, ‘disasters’ are meaningful only in relation to humans. Census: Official enumeration of population done periodically. → First Census: 1872. First Complete Census: 1881. 2. Size and Distribution A. By … Read more

Natural Vegetation & Wildlife – Topper Notes Natural Vegetation & Wildlife 1. Introduction Bio-diversity: India is one of the 12 mega bio-diversity countries. Flora: 47,000 plant species (10th in world, 4th in Asia). Fauna: Approx 90,000 animal species. Natural Vegetation: Plant community grown naturally without human aid (Virgin Vegetation). Endemic: Purely Indian species. Exotic: From … Read more

Climate of India – Topper Notes Climate (जलवायु) 1. Introduction Climate: Sum total of weather conditions & variations over a large area for a long period (>30 years). Weather: State of atmosphere over an area at any point of time. Elements: Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure, Wind, Humidity, Precipitation. Monsoon: Seasonal reversal in wind direction during a … Read more

Drainage System of India – Topper Notes Drainage System (अपवाह तंत्र) 1. Introduction Drainage: River system of an area. Drainage Basin: Area drained by a single river system. Water Divide: Elevated area (upland/mountain) separating two drainage basins. (e.g., Ambala separates Indus & Ganga). 2. Himalayan Rivers (हिमालयी नदियाँ) Most are Perennial (have water throughout year … Read more

Physical Features of India – Topper Notes Physical Features of India India has all major physical features of the earth: Mountains, Plains, Deserts, Plateaus, and Islands. 1. The Himalayan Mountains Geologically young & structurally fold mountains. Stretch: Indus to Brahmaputra (West-East direction). Length: 2,400 Km (Arc shape). Width: 400 Km (Kashmir) to 150 Km (Arunachal). … Read more