What are the criteria to recognition of national political party in India?
2013
Discuss the ethnic problem in Sri Lanka.
2013
Clarify the gender discrimination in India. (Internal Choice)
2013
Explain the importance of dignity of citizens in democracy.
2013
Discuss the accommodation of social diversity in Indian context. (Internal Choice)
2013
Highlight the functions of democratic government.
2013
Describe the role of French for the development of colonies. (Internal Choice)
2013 (Supplementary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2013
In which olympic games was protest raised against racial discrimination?
2013
Write in brief the pattern of the division of power between union and states.
2013
Discuss the role of caste in Indian politics.
2013
Give the name, programme and ideology of any two national political parties of India. (Internal Choice)
2013
Give the suggestions for reform in political parties in India. (Internal Choice)
2013
Explain the bases of good governance in the democratic form of government.
2013
Give any four suggestions for political reforms in India.
2014 (Primary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2014
Write the names of any two regional political parties of India.
2014
Describe two different kinds of routes through which federation has been formed.
2014
Give suggestions for improvement in Indian electoral system.
2014
Highlight the impact of communalism in democratic politics.
2014
Describe the democratic rights of citizens.
2014
Describe the role of laws in political reforms. (Internal Choice)
2014
Describe the unification of Italy. (Internal Choice)
2015 (Primary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2015
Which form of government is accepted throughout the world despite of some shortcomings?
2015
What steps were taken to make the third tier of Indian democratic system more powerful & effective by amending Constitution of India?
2015
Is democracy accountable, responsive and legitimate government? Give reasons in favour of your view.
2015
What efforts have been made for giving political representation to women in India? Explain.
2015
Explain the role of ‘Caste’ in politics of India. (Internal Choice)
2015
Explain any four challenges before political parties in India.
2015
According to your view which points can be added in redefining the democracy?
2016 (Implied Year)
Year
Question
Source
2016
In which form of government, ‘dignity of individual’ is best protected?
2016
Describe any three forms of power sharing.
2016
Discuss three major challenges before Indian Democracy.
2016
What do you understand by Secular State in India? Explain.
2016
Describe four major efforts to reform the political parties in India. (Internal Choice)
2016
“Democratic Government is better than any other form of Government”. Explain.
2016
Discuss the reasons for the origin of social differences. (Internal Choice)
2016
Explain the various stages of ‘Second Movement for Democracy’ in Nepal.
2017 (Supplementary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2017 (Supp.)
Who formed ‘Depressed Classes Association’?
2017 (Supp.)
Which form of Government encourages equality amongst citizens?
2017 (Supp.)
According to your view democracy is better than other government in accommodating of social diversity. Give three arguments in favour of your view.
2017 (Supp.)
Briefly describe any three of the many challenges before contemporary Indian democracy.
2017 (Supp.)
Explain with examples the position of gender inequality in India.
2017 (Supp.)
‘Elections in India are not about merely caste and nothing else.’ Examine the above statement. (Internal Choice)
2017 (Supp.)
How do pressure groups and movements influence politics? Explain it.
2017 (Supp.)
Explain the recent efforts in our country to reform political parties. (Internal Choice)
2017 (Supp.)
Explain the power sharing arrangements among different organs of government in modern democracies.
2017 (Primary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2017
Which form of government accommodates Social diversity?
2017
“According to your view democracy is accountable, responsive and legitimate government.” Give three arguments in favour of your view.
2017
Which desirable reforms can be done in the present context in Indian democracy? Describe any three possible reforms.
2017
“Even today, women face many discriminations.” Explain the statement with examples.
2017
Discuss Nepal’s “Second Movement for Democracy”.
2017
Explain the challenges which are faced by the political parties in democracy. (Internal Choice)
2017
“The Constitution of India clearly provided a three fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union and States.” Explain the statement with examples.
2017
Which right of the citizens can be protected by imparting knowledge to them about traffic rules and road safety.
2018 (Supplementary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2018 (Supp.)
Which two words have the origins of the word ‘Democracy’?
2018 (Supp.)
Write two such situations when you can exercise the own discretionary powers as a Governor.
2018 (Supp.)
You consider democracy as a means of public education and protector from revolution, why? Explain it.
2018 (Supp.)
Describe process of the election and removal of the President of India.
2018 (Supp.)
Describe the powers of the Central Cabinet. (Internal Choice)
2018 (Supp.)
Explain the powers and functions of the State Legislature.
2018 (Supp.)
Explain the following in reference of High Court: (A) Original Jurisdiction (B) Appellate Jurisdiction. (Internal Choice)
2018 (Primary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2018
Name the two forms of the representative democracy in present-era.
2018
As a conscious citizen, what independences would you expect for the High Court? Describe any two.
2018
According to your view what conditions are essential for ‘social democracy’? Explain.
2018
Describe the executive and legislative powers of the President. (Internal Choice)
2018
Explain the powers of the State Legislative Council.
2018
Explain the jurisdiction and powers of the High Court. (Internal Choice)
2019
Year
Question
Source
2019
Write the name of any two supporters of the pluralistic theory of democracy.
2019
As a chief minister of a state, which functions will you perform in the role of leader of the legislative assembly. Write any two.
2019
Which two conditions are essential for the success of democracy according to you. Explain.
2019
Describe the powers and functions of the Prime Minister of India.
2019
Describe the powers & functions of the Rajya Sabha. (Internal Choice)
2019
Explain the following powers of the Governor: i) Executive powers ii) Legislative powers.
2020 (Primary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2020
Where is the direct democracy found at present?
2020
You want to contest the assembly election of your state, what qualifications are necessary for this, mention.
2020
‘Democracy is the best governing system’. Describe any two merits of democracy in favour of the statement.
2020
Describe the following powers of the President of India: a) Executive or Administrative powers b) Legislative powers.
2020 (Supplementary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2020 (Supp.)
What do you mean by ‘Social Democracy’?
2020 (Supp.)
Explain your views on the following kinds of democratic government: (i) Direct democracy (ii) Indirect democracy.
2020 (Supp.)
Describe the following points related to the President of India: Election of the President.
2020 (Supp.)
Describe the following points related to the Lok-Sabha: Powers and Functions of the Speaker of Lok-Sabha. (Internal Choice)
2020 (Supp.)
Explain the powers and functions of the State Legislative Assembly.
2020 (Supp.)
Explain the powers and functions of the State Legislative Council. (Internal Choice)
2021
Year
Question
Source
2021
According to the Article 170, the minimum number of members of the State Legislative Assembly will be…
2021
How many members of the Legislative Council are nominated by the Governor?
2021
Who directly exercises the sovereign power of the state in Direct Democracy?
2021
How can a High Court Judge be removed from office?
2021
What function is done by the Governor, being the Chancellor in the state?
2021
Write any two functions of the Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly.
2021
What practical facts will you keep in your mind as the Chief Minister of the state while selecting the ministers?
2021
What basic beliefs do you believe in as a supporter of ‘Political Democracy’? Write any four.
2021
According to you, democracy is a proponent of world peace. Explain your opinion. (Internal Choice)
2021
Explain the powers and functions of the Prime Minister in India.
2021
Explain the powers and functions of the Lok Sabha. (Internal Choice)
2021
Explain the emergency powers of the President of India. (Internal Choice)
2022
Year
Question
Source
2022
Which of the following subject is not in any list of power distribution in constitution?
2022
BAMCEF organisation is related to –
2022
Why statues of Marianne were erected in public squares?
2022
When did Sri Lanka emerge as an independent country?
2022
How many languages are recognised as scheduled languages by the Indian constitution besides Hindi?
2022
Give any one example of the transformation of the movement into a political party.
2022
Explain in brief the ‘system of check and balance’ in power sharing.
2022
Explain any two features of federal system.
2022
According to your view what is the difference between sectional interest groups and public interest groups? Explain by example.
2022
Explain the three determinants of social divisions.
2022
Explain ‘the origins of social differences’. (Internal Choice)
2022
What provisions are made in the Indian Constitution for Secular Governance? Discuss any four.
2022
Why is the position of women still far behind of men in India? Explain any four reasons. (Internal Choice)
2023
Year
Question
Source
2023
An idealogy which believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men, is (Feminist) –
2023
‘Seven Party Alliance’ is associated with which country?
2023
Name any two countries in which ‘Homogenous Society’ is found.
2023
Social division is mostly based on what?
2023
Which organization led the ‘Bolivia Water War’?
2023
Discuss any two functions of political party.
2023
You consider democracy to be accountable, responsive and legitimate government. Briefly explain why?
2023
Mention any two points to be added to redefine democracy.
2023
Express your views on the status of representation of women in politics in India.
2023
Describing the meaning of Federalism and explain the methods of formation of Federal system with examples.
2023
Explaining the different levels of Federal System in India, discuss the lists of power distribution in them. (Internal Choice)
2024 (Primary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2024
‘Community Government’ arrangement was made in which country?
2024
A person who considers ‘caste’ as the main basis of community, is called…
2024
Which of the following is better governance than democracy?
2024
Which language was declared the official language of Sri Lanka in 1956?
2024
Write the name of the countries whose borders share with Belgium. (any one)
2024
In India, states have also been formed on the basis of geography, culture or ethnicity. Give any one example.
2024
According to you, what are the two main features of federal government? Write in brief.
2024
Explain any two forms of discrimination against women in India.
2024
‘Dynasty is a big challenge before political parties.’ Explain your opinion on this statement.
2024
What conditions are necessary to be fulfilled for accommodation of social diversities in democracy? Explain any two conditions.
2024
What efforts have been made to reform political parties in India? Explain any three reforms.
2024
Why are political parties needed in democracy? Discuss any three reasons. (Internal Choice)
What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain. (Internal Choice)
2024 (Supplementary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2024 (Supp.)
A person who considers that religion as the main basis of the community is called…
2024 (Supp.)
Which language has the majority of speakers in Brussels, the capital of Belgium?
2024 (Supp.)
In which region of Sri Lanka do Tamils mainly live?
2024 (Supp.)
How many languages including Hindi have been given status of scheduled languages in Indian constitution?
2024 (Supp.)
‘Decentralization of power is essential for democracy’. Give two arguements in favour of this statement.
2024 (Supp.)
‘In India, caste also becomes politicized’. Explain its two forms.
2024 (Supp.)
Lack of democracy within political parties is a major challenge in India. Explain your opinion on this statement.
2024 (Supp.)
‘Democracy is an accountable, responsive and legitimate governance’. Explain this statement briefly.
2024 (Supp.)
Explain any three reasons for the need of political parties.
2024 (Supp.)
Writing the meaning of a political party, explain its any two main functions. (Internal Choice)
2025 (Primary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2025
‘Police’ comes under which list in the Indian Constitution?
2025
Who among the following gives recognition to political parties?
2025
Why do you consider ‘Democracy’ is the best? Give a reason.
2025
In democracy to whom be respected by majority?
2025
According to you, write any two essential conditions for democracy.
2025
‘In Sri Lanka, relations between Sinhala and Tamil communities strained due to government policies’. Discuss any two such policies in brief.
2025
How was the local bodies of democratic governance made powerful and effective by amending the Constitution in 1992? Mention any two provisions.
2025
Explain your opinion in favour of why political parties are needed in democracy.
2025
Explain your opinion on the following challenges for political parties in India: A) Lack of internal democracy in party. B) Challenge of dynastic succession. (Internal Choice)
2025
‘The Indian Constitution – makers have chosen the model of secular governance’. Discuss the statement in detail. (Internal Choice)
2025 (Supplementary Paper)
Year
Question
Source
2025 (Supp.)
Who founded the ‘Young Europe’ underground society?
2025 (Supp.)
How many languages are recognised as scheduled languages by the Indian constitution?
2025 (Supp.)
A person who considers religion as the principal basis of the community, is called…
2025 (Supp.)
Which party emerged as the largest political party in the Lok Sabha Election, 2019 in India?
2025 (Supp.)
In which continent is Belgium located?
2025 (Supp.)
In Federal system, who has the authority to interpret constitution and Rights of Government at different levels?
2025 (Supp.)
How can the Constitution be amended the power sharing between the Central and State Government?
2025 (Supp.)
Which ideas did artists express through female allegory during the French Revolution? Give any two examples.
2025 (Supp.)
Mention any two elements of Belgium model which saved the country from civil war.
2025 (Supp.)
Make a practical analysis of ‘Sexual division of labour’ in Indian Society.
2025 (Supp.)
‘Democracy is a system that establishes harmony is social diversity.’ Discuss the statement.
2025 (Supp.)
‘Democracy is accountable, responsive and legitimate government.’ Discuss the statement. (Internal Choice)
2025 (Supp.)
Give suggestions for reforms in political parties in India.
2025 (Supp.)
According to your opinion, what challenges are the political parties of India Facing? Discuss. (Internal Choice)
2013 (Primary Paper)
Write the meaning of pressure groups. Pressure groups are interest groups, such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers, and industrial workers, that have a share in governmental power either through participation in governmental committees or by influencing the decision-making process.
What are the criteria to recognition of national political party in India? A party is recognized as a national party if it secures at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha.
Discuss the ethnic problem in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka has a diverse population, with major social groups being the Sinhala-speakers (74 per cent) and the Tamil-speakers (18 per cent). After Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948, the Sinhala community leaders sought dominance by virtue of their majority, adopting majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. These measures included passing an Act in 1956 to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, disregarding Tamil. The government followed preferential policies favoring Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs, and a new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. These actions increased the feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils, who felt they were denied equal political rights, discriminated against in jobs, and ignored in their interests. This led to struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language and autonomy for provinces populated by Tamils. By the 1980s, these demands led to the formation of political organizations demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. The distrust eventually turned into a widespread conflict, resulting in a civil war that caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural, and economic life of the country, ending in 2009.
Clarify the gender discrimination in India. (Internal Choice) Gender discrimination persists in India, where society is still male-dominated and patriarchal. Examples of discrimination include:
Literacy and Education: The literacy rate among women (54 per cent) is much lower compared with men (76 per cent). Parents often prefer to spend resources on boys’ education rather than equally on daughters.
Work and Wages: Women work unpaid and invisibly in household-related activities, often for longer hours than men. Despite the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, women are generally paid less than men for the same work across almost all areas, from sports to factories.
Sex Ratio: Due to a preference for sons, sex-selective abortion occurs, leading to a decline in the child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys) to merely 919 nationally, dropping below 850 or 800 in some states.
Violence and Harassment: Women face various forms of harassment, exploitation, and violence, often being unsafe even within their own homes due to domestic violence.
Explain the importance of dignity of citizens in democracy. Democracy stands superior to other forms of government in promoting the dignity and freedom of the individual. The passion for respect and freedom forms the basis of democracy. By recognizing the principle of equality, democracy makes it easier for historically disadvantaged or discriminated groups (like women or lower castes) to struggle against what is legally and morally unacceptable, thereby strengthening their claims for equal status and opportunity.
Discuss the accommodation of social diversity in Indian context. (Internal Choice) The ability to handle social differences, divisions, and conflicts is a definitive positive aspect of democratic regimes. India’s federal structure, especially the division of power, gives due respect to diverse groups and views. Constitutional provisions like the adoption of Secularism and the creation of Linguistic States are key ways diversity is accommodated. The formation of Linguistic States actually made the country more united and administration easier. The constitutional provisions for a secular state ensure there is no official religion, and the state can intervene to ensure equality within religious communities.
Highlight the functions of democratic government. A democratic government must provide certain fundamental outcomes:
It must be accountable to the citizens, ensuring people have control over their rulers.
It must be responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
It is inherently a legitimate government because it is the people’s own government.
It promotes equality among citizens and enhances the dignity of the individual.
It provides a method to resolve conflicts and accommodate social divisions.
Describe the role of French for the development of colonies. (Internal Choice) The provided sources do not contain information regarding the role of the French for the development of colonies.
2013 (Supplementary Paper)
In which olympic games was protest raised against racial discrimination? The provided sources do not contain information about protests against racial discrimination at specific Olympic games.
Write in brief the pattern of the division of power between union and states. The Indian Constitution provides a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments:
Union List: Includes subjects of national importance (e.g., defence, foreign affairs, banking, currency). The Union Government alone can make laws on these subjects.
State List: Contains subjects of state and local importance (e.g., police, trade, commerce, agriculture). The State Governments alone can make laws on these subjects.
Concurrent List: Includes subjects of common interest to both (e.g., education, forests, marriage). Both the Union and State Governments can make laws, but if laws conflict, the Union Government’s law prevails. The Union Government also has the power to legislate on residuary subjects (subjects that do not fall in any list).
Discuss the role of caste in Indian politics. Caste plays various roles in Indian politics:
Candidate Nomination: Parties keep the caste composition of the electorate in mind when selecting candidates to muster necessary support.
Government Formation: Parties ensure that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in the cabinet when governments are formed.
Appeals and Mobilization: Political parties appeal to caste sentiment to gain support, and some parties are known to favor and represent certain castes.
Politicization of Caste: Caste itself becomes politicized as groups try to become bigger by incorporating neighboring castes, or by entering into coalitions with other caste groups and communities. This process has helped disadvantaged communities (Dalits and OBCs) gain better access to decision making and power.
Give the name, programme and ideology of any two national political parties of India. (Internal Choice)
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): Founded in 1980. Its ideology is based on India’s ancient culture and values, Integral Humanism, and Antyodaya. Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important element. Its program includes demanding the full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir, a uniform civil code for all citizens, and a ban on religious conversions.
Indian National Congress (INC): Founded in 1885. It is a centrist party that espouses secularism and the welfare of weaker sections and minorities. It aims to build a modern secular democratic republic and supports new economic reforms but “with a human face”.
Give the suggestions for reform in political parties in India. (Internal Choice) Suggestions for reform in political parties include:
A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties, making it compulsory to maintain a register of members, follow its constitution, and hold open elections for the highest posts.
It should be mandatory for parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates, and establish a quota for women in decision-making bodies.
There should be state funding of elections, where the government provides support (in kind or cash based on votes secured) to cover election expenses.
People should put pressure on parties through petitions, publicity, and agitations; and citizens who want reform should join political parties.
Explain the bases of good governance in the democratic form of government. The most basic outcome expected from democracy is a government that is accountable to its citizens and responsive to their needs and expectations. Good governance is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. Democracy ensures that decision-making is based on norms and procedures, allowing for transparency so that citizens can examine the process of decision making. Furthermore, a democratic government is a legitimate government because it is the people’s own government, securing overwhelming support.
Give any four suggestions for political reforms in India. Refer to the suggestions for reform in political parties (Question 5 above).
2014 (Primary Paper)
Write the names of any two regional political parties of India. Examples of parties classified as State parties (commonly referred to as regional parties) are the Samajwadi Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal. Other examples include the Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front, Mizo National Front, and Telangana Rashtra Samithi.
Describe two different kinds of routes through which federation has been formed. The formation of federations follows two main routes, which largely determine the balance of power between the central and state governments:
Coming Together Federations: This route involves independent States coming together on their own to form a bigger unit. By pooling sovereignty, they increase their security. In this category (e.g., USA, Switzerland, Australia), constituent States usually have equal power and are strong vis-à-vis the federal government.
Holding Together Federations: This route occurs when a large country decides to divide its power between its constituent States and the national government (e.g., India, Spain, Belgium). In this category, the Central Government tends to be more powerful vis-à-vis the States, and constituent units often have unequal powers.
Give suggestions for improvement in Indian electoral system. Suggestions focused on reforming elections and parties include: mandating that political parties maintain internal democracy and hold open elections; implementing state funding of elections; and ensuring a minimum quota of tickets (about one-third) for women candidates.
Highlight the impact of communalism in democratic politics. Communalism, which sees religion as the principal basis of social community, is one of the major challenges to democracy. Its impacts include:
Everyday Prejudices: It manifests as religious prejudices, stereotypes, and belief in the superiority of one’s religion.
Political Dominance: It leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community. For the majority, this takes the form of majoritarian dominance.
Political Mobilization: It involves political mobilization on religious lines using sacred symbols, religious leaders, and emotional appeals.
Violence and Instability: In its most extreme form, communalism leads to communal violence, riots, and massacre.
Describe the democratic rights of citizens. Democratic principles ensure that people have the right to choose their rulers and have control over the rulers. Citizens should be able to participate in decision making that affects them. Citizens have the right and the means to examine the process of decision making (transparency), including access to information about the government and its functioning. The Constitution also provides all individuals and communities the freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, and prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
Describe the role of laws in political reforms. (Internal Choice) Laws and constitutional amendments have been instrumental in political reforms:
Anti-Defection Law: The Constitution was amended to prevent elected representatives (MLAs and MPs) from changing parties (defection). This law mandates that if an MLA or MP changes parties, they lose their seat.
Affidavits (Money/Criminals): The Supreme Court passed an order making it mandatory for every candidate to file an affidavit detailing their property and criminal cases pending against them, aiming to reduce the influence of money and criminals in politics.
Describe the unification of Italy. (Internal Choice) The provided sources do not contain information about the unification of Italy.
2015 (Primary Paper)
Which form of government is accepted throughout the world despite of some shortcomings?Democracy is the form of government accepted throughout the world. Although democracy may be slow, less efficient, or not always clean, it is preferred because it is a legitimate government—it is the people’s own government.
What steps were taken to make the third tier of Indian democratic system more powerful & effective by amending Constitution of India? A major step toward decentralization was taken in 1992, when the Constitution was amended to make the third tier (local government) more powerful and effective. The constitutional amendments included:
It is mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
Seats are reserved in elected bodies and executive heads for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes.
At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
An independent institution called the State Election Commission was created in each State to conduct local elections.
State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.
Is democracy accountable, responsive and legitimate government? Give reasons in favour of your view. Yes, democracy is considered accountable, responsive, and legitimate government.
Accountable & Responsive: Democracy ensures that rulers are chosen by the people and controlled by them. The basic outcome is a government accountable to citizens and responsive to their needs and expectations. Although actual democracies sometimes fall short on these counts, they are better than non-democratic regimes.
Legitimate: Democracy is certainly better than alternatives in that it produces a legitimate government. It is considered legitimate because it is the people’s own government, leading to overwhelming support for the idea of democracy globally.
What efforts have been made for giving political representation to women in India? Explain. In India, to address the historically low representation of women in legislative bodies, efforts have been made:
The Panchayati Raj system reserved one-third of seats in local government bodies (panchayats and municipalities) for women, resulting in more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in local bodies.
In 2023, the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women’s Reservation Act) was passed, which will give 33 percent reservation of seats for women in the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the Delhi Assembly.
Explain the role of ‘Caste’ in politics of India. (Internal Choice) Refer to the answer for 2013 Supplementary Paper, Question 3.
Explain any four challenges before political parties in India. Four major challenges faced by political parties include:
Lack of Internal Democracy: Power tends to concentrate in one or a few top leaders. Parties often fail to hold internal elections or keep membership registers, making it difficult for ordinary members to influence decisions.
Dynastic Succession: Since procedures are not open, leaders unfairly favor family members or those close to them for top positions, meaning inexperienced people may occupy positions of power, which is unfair and bad for democracy.
Growing role of Money and Muscle Power: Parties often nominate candidates who can raise or possess large amounts of money. Rich people and companies who fund parties gain influence over policies and decisions. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.
Lack of Meaningful Choice: Parties often fail to offer significantly different choices to voters due to a decline in ideological differences, especially concerning economic policies. Sometimes, the same leaders shift between parties, preventing voters from electing truly different leaders.
According to your view which points can be added in redefining the democracy? Points to be added when redefining democracy, based on the shortcomings noted in the sources, include ensuring greater transparency, working actively to reduce economic inequality, ensuring that rule by majority does not become rule by the majority community, and enhancing citizen participation in decision making.
2016 (Implied Year)
In which form of government, ‘dignity of individual’ is best protected? The dignity of the individual is best protected and promoted in a democracy.
Describe any three forms of power sharing. Power sharing arrangements can take many forms in modern democracies:
Horizontal Distribution of Power: Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary. This allows organs placed at the same level to exercise different powers and establishes a system of checks and balances.
Vertical Division of Power (Federalism): Power is shared among governments at different levels—a general government for the entire country (Union/Central) and governments at the provincial or regional level (State/Local). The Constitution lays down the powers of different levels.
Power Sharing among Different Social Groups: Power may be shared among religious and linguistic groups. A good example is the ‘Community Government’ in Belgium. This also includes constitutional arrangements like reserved constituencies to give space to socially weaker sections and women.
Discuss three major challenges before Indian Democracy. Three major challenges include:
The Challenge of Internal Democracy/Dynastic Succession within political parties.
Addressing Economic Inequality and Poverty: Democracies in practice do not appear very successful in reducing economic disparities, and governments often do not seem keen to address poverty despite the poor constituting a large proportion of voters.
The Threat of Communalism: This arises when religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms, potentially undermining the unity of the country through majoritarian dominance and violence.
What do you understand by Secular State in India? Explain. The makers of the Indian Constitution chose the model of a secular state to combat communalism. Provisions for secularism include:
No Official Religion: The Indian state does not have an official religion, unlike Pakistan or England.
Religious Freedom: The Constitution grants all individuals and communities the freedom to profess, practice, and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
Prohibition of Discrimination: Discrimination on the grounds of religion is prohibited.
State Intervention: The Constitution allows the state to intervene in religious matters to ensure equality within religious communities (e.g., banning untouchability).
Describe four major efforts to reform the political parties in India. (Internal Choice) Refer to the efforts described in 2014 Primary Paper, Question 6, and the suggestions in 2013 Supplementary Paper, Question 5.
“Democratic Government is better than any other form of Government”. Explain. Democracy is considered better because it promotes equality among citizens, enhances the dignity of the individual, improves the quality of decision-making (since decisions follow procedures and are more acceptable), provides a method to resolve conflicts, allows room to correct mistakes, and is fundamentally a legitimate government.
Discuss the reasons for the origin of social differences. (Internal Choice) Social differences discussed in the sources originate from:
Gender: Based on social expectations and stereotypes, leading to the sexual division of labour where women are primarily responsible for housework.
Religion: Based on adherence to different faiths and the varying ways people practice those faiths.
Caste: Originates from a hereditary occupational division sanctioned by rituals, historically characterized by discrimination and the practice of untouchability.
Explain the various stages of ‘Second Movement for Democracy’ in Nepal. The provided sources mention Nepal in the context of discussions about federalism and support for democracy, but do not explain the stages of the “Second Movement for Democracy.”
2017 (Supplementary Paper)
Who formed ‘Depressed Classes Association’? The provided sources mention B.R. Ambedkar, Jotiba Phule, and other social reformers working to establish a society free of caste inequalities, but do not specifically name the founder of the ‘Depressed Classes Association’.
Which form of Government encourages equality amongst citizens?Democracy encourages equality among citizens.
According to your view democracy is better than other government in accommodating of social diversity. Give three arguments in favour of your view. Democracy is best suited for accommodating social diversity because:
It develops a procedure to conduct competition among different groups, reducing the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent.
It allows societies to learn to respect differences and evolve mechanisms to negotiate them.
Unlike non-democratic regimes, which often suppress or ignore internal social differences, democracy provides a necessary space for diverse voices.
Briefly describe any three of the many challenges before contemporary Indian democracy. Refer to the answer for 2016 Implied Year, Question 3.
Explain with examples the position of gender inequality in India. Refer to the answer for 2013 Primary Paper, Question 4.
‘Elections in India are not about merely caste and nothing else.’ Examine the above statement. (Internal Choice) This statement is true; caste alone does not determine election results. Several factors prevent caste from being the sole deciding factor:
No Clear Majority: No parliamentary constituency has a clear majority of a single caste. Candidates must win the confidence of multiple castes and communities.
Differentiated Voting: Voters have strong attachments to political parties, often stronger than their attachment to caste. Furthermore, rich and poor, or men and women, from the same caste often vote differently.
Performance Matters: People’s assessment of the government’s performance and the popularity of leaders are often decisive in elections.
How do pressure groups and movements influence politics? Explain it. Pressure groups and movements influence politics by controlling or influencing those in power:
Participation: Interest groups gain a share in governmental power by participating in governmental committees.
Influence Decision-Making: They bring influence on the decision-making process.
Mobilization: Parties and movements launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people, and often raise and highlight public issues.
Explain the recent efforts in our country to reform political parties. (Internal Choice) Refer to the efforts described in 2014 Primary Paper, Question 6.
Explain the power sharing arrangements among different organs of government in modern democracies. This refers to the horizontal distribution of power. Power is shared among the legislature, executive, and judiciary, which are placed at the same level but exercise different powers. This separation ensures that no organ can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others, resulting in a system of checks and balances. For example, judges appointed by the executive can check the functioning of the executive or laws made by the legislature.
2017 (Primary Paper)
Which form of government accommodates Social diversity?Democracy accommodates social diversity.
“According to your view democracy is accountable, responsive and legitimate government.” Give three arguments in favour of your view. Refer to the answer for 2015 Primary Paper, Question 3.
Which desirable reforms can be done in the present context in Indian democracy? Describe any three possible reforms. Refer to the suggestions in 2013 Supplementary Paper, Question 5.
“Even today, women face many discriminations.” Explain the statement with examples. Refer to the answer for 2013 Primary Paper, Question 4.
Discuss Nepal’s “Second Movement for Democracy”. The provided sources do not contain a discussion of Nepal’s “Second Movement for Democracy,” only general references to Nepal’s constitutional discussions.
Explain the challenges which are faced by the political parties in democracy. (Internal Choice) Refer to the answer for 2015 Primary Paper, Question 6.
“The Constitution of India clearly provided a three fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union and States.” Explain the statement with examples. Refer to the answer for 2013 Supplementary Paper, Question 2.
Which right of the citizens can be protected by imparting knowledge to them about traffic rules and road safety. The provided sources do not contain information linking traffic rules and road safety to specific citizens’ rights.
2018 (Supplementary Paper)
Which two words have the origins of the word ‘Democracy’? The provided sources do not contain information regarding the origins of the word ‘Democracy’.
Write two such situations when you can exercise the own discretionary powers as a Governor. The provided sources mention the Governor’s discretionary powers but do not describe specific situations for their exercise.
You consider democracy as a means of public education and protector from revolution, why? Explain it. The sources do not explicitly discuss democracy as a protector from revolution. However, they note that decentralization helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation, suggesting a form of public education through self-governance.
Describe process of the election and removal of the President of India. The provided sources mention the election and removal of the President but do not describe the processes.
Describe the powers of the Central Cabinet. (Internal Choice) The Central Cabinet is associated with the political executive, which comes from political parties and takes the big policy decisions. The Prime Minister leads the Cabinet. The sources do not describe the detailed powers of the Central Cabinet.
Explain the powers and functions of the State Legislature. The powers and functions of the State Legislature are mentioned but not explained in the provided sources.
Explain the following in reference of High Court: (A) Original Jurisdiction (B) Appellate Jurisdiction. (Internal Choice) The terms Original Jurisdiction and Appellate Jurisdiction are mentioned in reference to the High Court, but are not defined or explained in the sources.
2018 (Primary Paper)
Name the two forms of the representative democracy in present-era. The sources mention Direct Democracy and Indirect Democracy (representative democracy), but do not explicitly name two forms of representative democracy.
As a conscious citizen, what independences would you expect for the High Court? Describe any two. The independence of the judiciary is implied by its function of checking the executive and legislature and its role as an umpire in disputes over the division of powers.
According to your view what conditions are essential for ‘social democracy’? Explain. The term ‘social democracy’ is mentioned, but the sources do not detail the conditions essential for it.
Describe the executive and legislative powers of the President. (Internal Choice) The executive (administrative) and legislative powers of the President are mentioned, but not described in the sources.
Explain the powers of the State Legislative Council. The powers and functions of the State Legislative Council are mentioned but not explained in the sources.
Explain the jurisdiction and powers of the High Court. (Internal Choice) The jurisdiction and powers of the High Court are mentioned, but not explained in the sources.
2019
Write the name of any two supporters of the pluralistic theory of democracy. The provided sources do not contain information on the supporters of the pluralistic theory of democracy.
As a chief minister of a state, which functions will you perform in the role of leader of the legislative assembly. Write any two. The functions of a Chief Minister are mentioned, but not explicitly described in the sources.
Which two conditions are essential for the success of democracy according to you. Explain. Two essential conditions for democracy to succeed in accommodating social diversities are:
It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority must always work with the minority so that governments represent the general view.
It is necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by the majority community (in terms of religion, race, or linguistic group).
Describe the powers and functions of the Prime Minister of India. The powers and functions of the Prime Minister are mentioned but not described in the sources.
Describe the powers & functions of the Rajya Sabha. (Internal Choice) The powers and functions of the Rajya Sabha are mentioned but not described in the sources.
Explain the following powers of the Governor: i) Executive powers ii) Legislative powers. The executive and legislative powers of the Governor are mentioned but not explained in the sources.
2020 (Primary Paper)
Where is the direct democracy found at present? The location of direct democracy at present is mentioned but not specified in the sources.
You want to contest the assembly election of your state, what qualifications are necessary for this, mention. The necessary qualifications for contesting assembly elections are mentioned but not specified in the sources.
‘Democracy is the best governing system’. Describe any two merits of democracy in favour of the statement. Two merits of democracy are: it promotes equality among citizens, and it enhances the dignity of the individual.
Describe the following powers of the President of India: a) Executive or Administrative powers b) Legislative powers. The executive (administrative) and legislative powers of the President are mentioned but not described in the sources.
2020 (Supplementary Paper)
What do you mean by ‘Social Democracy’? The term ‘Social Democracy’ is mentioned but not defined in the sources.
Explain your views on the following kinds of democratic government: (i) Direct democracy (ii) Indirect democracy. The concepts of Direct democracy and Indirect democracy are mentioned but not explained in the sources.
Describe the following points related to the President of India: Election of the President. The election of the President is mentioned but not described in the sources.
Describe the following points related to the Lok-Sabha: Powers and Functions of the Speaker of Lok-Sabha. (Internal Choice) The powers and functions of the Speaker of Lok-Sabha are mentioned but not described in the sources.
Explain the powers and functions of the State Legislative Assembly. The powers and functions of the State Legislative Assembly are mentioned but not explained in the sources.
Explain the powers and functions of the State Legislative Council. (Internal Choice) The powers and functions of the State Legislative Council are mentioned but not explained in the sources.
2021
According to the Article 170, the minimum number of members of the State Legislative Assembly will be… The minimum number of members of the State Legislative Assembly according to Article 170 is mentioned but not specified in the sources.
How many members of the Legislative Council are nominated by the Governor? The number of members of the Legislative Council nominated by the Governor is mentioned but not specified in the sources.
Who directly exercises the sovereign power of the state in Direct Democracy? In Direct Democracy, the people (or citizens) directly exercise the sovereign power of the state.
How can a High Court Judge be removed from office? The process for removing a High Court Judge is mentioned but not described in the sources.
What function is done by the Governor, being the Chancellor in the state? The function performed by the Governor as Chancellor is mentioned but not described in the sources.
Write any two functions of the Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly. The functions of the Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly are mentioned but not described in the sources.
What practical facts will you keep in your mind as the Chief Minister of the state while selecting the ministers? The practical facts kept in mind by a Chief Minister while selecting ministers are mentioned but not detailed in the sources.
What basic beliefs do you believe in as a supporter of ‘Political Democracy’? Write any four. The basic beliefs of democracy, which constitutes political democracy, include:
People are the source of all political power.
People rule themselves through institutions of self-government.
Due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in society.
Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies.
According to you, democracy is a proponent of world peace. Explain your opinion. (Internal Choice) The sources do not explicitly state that democracy is a proponent of world peace.
Explain the powers and functions of the Prime Minister in India. The powers and functions of the Prime Minister are mentioned but not explained in the sources.
Explain the powers and functions of the Lok Sabha. (Internal Choice) The powers and functions of the Lok Sabha are mentioned but not explained in the sources.
Explain the emergency powers of the President of India. (Internal Choice) The emergency powers of the President are mentioned but not explained in the sources.
2022
Which of the following subject is not in any list of power distribution in constitution? Subjects that do not fall in the Union, State, or Concurrent Lists are known as Residuary subjects. The Union Government has the power to legislate on these.
BAMCEF organisation is related to – The provided sources do not contain information regarding the BAMCEF organization.
Why statues of Marianne were erected in public squares? The provided sources do not contain information regarding Marianne or her statues.
When did Sri Lanka emerge as an independent country? Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948.
How many languages are recognised as scheduled languages by the Indian constitution besides Hindi? The Constitution recognizes 22 Scheduled Languages, including Hindi. Therefore, there are 21 Scheduled Languages besides Hindi. (Note: One section states that “Besides Hindi, there are 22 other languages”, but the census data clarifies 22 languages total are Scheduled).
Give any one example of the transformation of the movement into a political party. The provided sources note the general influence of movements but do not give a specific example of a movement transforming into a political party.
Explain in brief the ‘system of check and balance’ in power sharing. The system of checks and balances is a component of the horizontal distribution of power. It ensures that power is shared among different organs of government (legislature, executive, judiciary) placed at the same level, preventing any one organ from exercising unlimited power. Each organ checks the others to maintain a balance of power.
Explain any two features of federal system. Two key features of a federal system are:
There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation, and administration.
According to your view what is the difference between sectional interest groups and public interest groups? Explain by example. The provided sources mention interest groups like traders, businessmen, and industrial workers, but do not define or differentiate between “sectional interest groups” and “public interest groups.”
Explain the three determinants of social divisions. The three main social divisions discussed in the sources are based on Gender, Religion, and Caste.
Explain ‘the origins of social differences’. (Internal Choice) Refer to the answer for 2016 Implied Year, Question 7.
What provisions are made in the Indian Constitution for Secular Governance? Discuss any four. Refer to the answer for 2016 Implied Year, Question 4.
Why is the position of women still far behind of men in India? Explain any four reasons. (Internal Choice) Refer to the answer for 2013 Primary Paper, Question 4.
2023
An idealogy which believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men, is (Feminist) – The ideology is Feminist.
‘Seven Party Alliance’ is associated with which country? The provided sources do not contain information regarding the ‘Seven Party Alliance.’
Name any two countries in which ‘Homogenous Society’ is found. The sources focus on diverse societies like Belgium, Sri Lanka, and India, and do not name any countries as having a ‘Homogenous Society.’
Social division is mostly based on what? Social division is based on gender, religion, and caste.
Which organization led the ‘Bolivia Water War’? The provided sources do not contain information regarding the ‘Bolivia Water War.’
Discuss any two functions of political party. A political party performs several functions:
Contesting Elections: Parties nominate candidates, and elections are mainly fought among candidates put up by political parties.
Forming and Running Governments: Parties recruit leaders, train them, and appoint them as ministers to run the government.
Making Laws: Parties play a decisive role in making laws, as members usually follow the direction of the party leadership.
You consider democracy to be accountable, responsive and legitimate government. Briefly explain why? Refer to the answer for 2015 Primary Paper, Question 3.
Mention any two points to be added to redefine democracy. Two suggestions that arise from critical assessment of democracy are:
Ensuring transparency by developing mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable and participate in decision making.
Working actively to ensure that rule by majority does not become rule by the majority community in terms of religion, race, or linguistic group.
Express your views on the status of representation of women in politics in India. The status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies is historically very low. The percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha only reached 14.36 per cent in 2019, and their share in state assemblies is less than 5 per cent. However, there is a legal mandate for one-third reservation of seats for women in Panchayati Raj bodies and municipalities, and the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (2023) provides for 33 percent reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
Describing the meaning of Federalism and explain the methods of formation of Federal system with examples.Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. Refer to the answer for 2014 Primary Paper, Question 2, for the methods of formation (‘Coming together’ and ‘Holding together’).
Explaining the different levels of Federal System in India, discuss the lists of power distribution in them. (Internal Choice) The Indian federal system originally had a two-tier system: the Union Government and the State governments. Later, a third tier (Panchayats and Municipalities) was added. The power distribution is threefold: the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
2024 (Primary Paper)
‘Community Government’ arrangement was made in which country? The Community Government arrangement was made in Belgium.
A person who considers ‘caste’ as the main basis of community, is called… A person who thinks caste is the principal basis of community is called a Castiest.
Which of the following is better governance than democracy? Democracy is viewed as a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternative. The overwhelming support for the idea of democracy globally confirms its status as the preferred form of governance.
Which language was declared the official language of Sri Lanka in 1956?Sinhala was recognized as the only official language in Sri Lanka by an Act passed in 1956.
Write the name of the countries whose borders share with Belgium. (any one) Belgium shares borders with France, the Netherlands, Germany, and Luxembourg.
In India, states have also been formed on the basis of geography, culture or ethnicity. Give any one example. States formed not solely on language but to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity, or geography include Nagaland, Uttarakhand, and Jharkhand.
According to you, what are the two main features of federal government? Write in brief. Two main features of a federal government are: two or more tiers of government and that the jurisdictions of the respective tiers are specified in the constitution.
Explain any two forms of discrimination against women in India. Two forms of discrimination against women are: unequal pay (they are paid less than men even for exactly the same work), and gender-biased policies that lead to sex-selective abortion and a resulting low child sex ratio.
‘Dynasty is a big challenge before political parties.’ Explain your opinion on this statement. Dynastic succession is a major challenge because it is unfair to other members of the party and is bad for democracy. It occurs because top positions are controlled by members of one family, meaning people who lack adequate experience or popular support come to occupy powerful positions.
What conditions are necessary to be fulfilled for accommodation of social diversities in democracy? Explain any two conditions. Refer to the answer for 2019, Question 3.
What efforts have been made to reform political parties in India? Explain any three reforms. Refer to the efforts described in 2014 Primary Paper, Question 6, and 2016 Implied Year, Question 5.
Why are political parties needed in democracy? Discuss any three reasons. (Internal Choice) Political parties are necessary because they fulfill crucial functions:
Responsibility/Accountability: Without parties, elected representatives would only be accountable locally, and no one would be responsible for how the entire country is run.
Policy Formulation: They gather different views on issues and group similar opinions to provide a direction for policy formulation.
Representative Governance: They bring various representatives together to form a responsible government, support or restrain the government, and make policies, which are necessary for large, representative societies.
Briefly describe Napoleon’s code. (Internal Choice) The provided sources do not contain information about Napoleon’s code.
What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain. (Internal Choice) The provided sources do not contain information about Liberal Nationalism.
2024 (Supplementary Paper)
A person who considers that religion as the main basis of the community is called… A person who considers religion as the principal basis of the community is called a Communalist.
Which language has the majority of speakers in Brussels, the capital of Belgium? In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent of people speak French, while 20 per cent are Dutch-speaking.
In which region of Sri Lanka do Tamils mainly live? Sri Lankan Tamils are concentrated in the north and east of the country.
How many languages including Hindi have been given status of scheduled languages in Indian constitution? There are 22 languages, including Hindi, that have been included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and are called Scheduled Languages.
‘Decentralization of power is essential for democracy’. Give two arguments in favour of this statement. Decentralization is essential because:
A large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local level, where people have better knowledge of problems in their localities and how to manage things efficiently.
It allows for direct participation of people in decision making, which helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation and realizes the principle of local self-government.
‘In India, caste also becomes politicized’. Explain its two forms. Caste gets politicized in several forms:
Expansion/Incorporation: Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating neighboring castes or sub-castes that were previously excluded from it.
Coalition and Negotiation: Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or communities, thus entering into dialogue and negotiation in the political arena.
Emergence of New Groups: New kinds of caste groups, such as ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups, have come up in the political arena.
Lack of democracy within political parties is a major challenge in India. Explain your opinion on this statement. Lack of internal democracy is a major challenge because it leads to the concentration of power in one or a few top leaders. Ordinary members often do not have sufficient information or means to influence decisions, meaning that power is exercised in the name of the party by leaders who prioritize personal loyalty over party principles.
‘Democracy is an accountable, responsive and legitimate governance’. Explain this statement briefly. Refer to the answer for 2015 Primary Paper, Question 3.
Explain any three reasons for the need of political parties. Refer to the answer for 2024 Primary Paper, Question 12.
Writing the meaning of a political party, explain its any two main functions. (Internal Choice)Meaning of Political Party: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on policies and programs to promote the collective good. Functions: Refer to the answer for 2023, Question 6.
2025 (Primary Paper)
‘Police’ comes under which list in the Indian Constitution?Police comes under the State List.
Who among the following gives recognition to political parties? The Election Commission gives recognition to political parties.
Why do you consider ‘Democracy’ is the best? Give a reason. Democracy is considered the best because, although it may be slow or imperfect, it is a legitimate government. It is the people’s own government, leading to overwhelming public support.
In democracy to whom be respected by majority? The majority must work with and respect the minority so that governments function to represent the general view.
According to you, write any two essential conditions for democracy. Refer to the answer for 2019, Question 3.
‘In Sri Lanka, relations between Sinhala and Tamil communities strained due to government policies’. Discuss any two such policies in brief. Two policies that strained relations:
Official Language Act (1956): Recognized Sinhala as the only official language, disregarding Tamil.
Preferential Policies: Governments followed policies that favored Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.
How was the local bodies of democratic governance made powerful and effective by amending the Constitution in 1992? Mention any two provisions. Refer to the answer for 2015 Primary Paper, Question 2.
Explain your opinion in favour of why political parties are needed in democracy. Refer to the answer for 2024 Primary Paper, Question 12.
Explain your opinion on the following challenges for political parties in India: A) Lack of internal democracy in party. B) Challenge of dynastic succession. (Internal Choice) Refer to the answer for 2015 Primary Paper, Question 6.
‘The Indian Constitution – makers have chosen the model of secular governance’. Discuss the statement in detail. (Internal Choice) Refer to the answer for 2016 Implied Year, Question 4.
2025 (Supplementary Paper)
Who founded the ‘Young Europe’ underground society? The provided sources do not contain information regarding the founder of ‘Young Europe.’
How many languages are recognised as scheduled languages by the Indian constitution?22 languages are recognized as Scheduled Languages by the Indian Constitution.
A person who considers religion as the principal basis of the community, is called… A person who considers religion as the principal basis of the community is called a Communalist.
Which party emerged as the largest political party in the Lok Sabha Election, 2019 in India? The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) emerged as the largest party, securing 303 seats in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
In which continent is Belgium located? Belgium is a small country in Europe.
In Federal system, who has the authority to interpret constitution and Rights of Government at different levels? The Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of government.
How can the Constitution be amended the power sharing between the Central and State Government? Changes to this basic power-sharing arrangement must be first passed by both Houses of Parliament with at least two-thirds majority. Then, it has to be ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the total States.
Which ideas did artists express through female allegory during the French Revolution? Give any two examples. The provided sources do not contain information regarding female allegory during the French Revolution.
Mention any two elements of Belgium model which saved the country from civil war. Elements of the innovative Belgian model include:
Equal Representation in Central Government: The Constitution prescribes that Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in number in the central government.
Community Government: A third kind of government, elected by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French, or German), has power regarding cultural, educational, and language-related issues.
Equal Representation in Brussels: Brussels has a separate government where both communities have equal representation, even though the French are the majority there.
Make a practical analysis of ‘Sexual division of labour’ in Indian Society. Sexual division of labour is reflected in most families where women primarily perform all work inside the home (cooking, cleaning, child rearing), while men perform work outside the home. Although women constitute half of humanity, their work, especially domestic labor, is often unpaid and invisible, even though the majority of women do some form of paid work in addition to domestic tasks.
‘Democracy is a system that establishes harmony is social diversity.’ Discuss the statement. Refer to the answer for 2017 Supplementary Paper, Question 3.
‘Democracy is accountable, responsive and legitimate government.’ Discuss the statement. (Internal Choice) Refer to the answer for 2015 Primary Paper, Question 3.
Give suggestions for reforms in political parties in India. Refer to the suggestions in 2013 Supplementary Paper, Question 5.
According to your opinion, what challenges are the political parties of India Facing? Discuss. (Internal Choice) Refer to the answer for 2015 Primary Paper, Question 6.