Class 10 Social Science – Chapter 1: Development
📘 Chapter 1 – Development (Economics)
🔹 What is Development?
- Development means improvement in lifestyle and well-being.
- People have different goals based on their needs and situations.
- Development includes better income, equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect.
🔹 Different People, Different Goals
- Everyone has different aspirations (hopes/desires).
- Example:
- A landless laborer wants more work and better wages.
- A girl may want the same freedom as her brother.
- An industrialist may want more electricity, while tribals may want to protect their land from big dams.
➡️ So, one thing may be development for one person but destruction for another.
🔹 Income and Other Goals
- Most people want:
- Regular income
- Better wages
- Good prices for their crops
- But people also want:
- Equality
- Freedom
- Security
- Self-respect
💡 Non-material things are also very important and can’t be bought with money.
🔹 National Development
- Means growth and progress of the whole country.
- People may have different and conflicting ideas about what national development should be.
- We must choose what is best for most people and is fair and just.
🔹 How to Compare Countries?
- We usually use income as a measure.
- Per Capita Income = Total Income ÷ Total Population
- According to the World Bank (2023):
- High income countries: $63,400/year or more
- Low income countries: $2,400/year or less
- India: Around $10,030/year → Low-middle income country
🔹 Why Average Income is Not Enough?
- Example:
- Country A: All people have similar income → Fair
- Country B: One rich person, rest very poor → Unfair
- Average hides the inequality in income.
🔹 Income and Other Criteria
Besides income, we must look at:
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – lower is better
- Literacy Rate – higher is better
- Net Attendance Ratio – higher means more children in school
📊 Example (2021–22):
| State | Per Capita Income | IMR | Literacy (%) | Attendance Ratio (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haryana | ₹2,64,729 | 28 | 82 | 73 |
| Kerala | ₹2,34,405 | 6 | 94 | 94 |
| Bihar | ₹47,498 | 27 | 62 | 69 |
➡️ Kerala is better in health and education despite lower income than Haryana.
🔹 Public Facilities
- Some important things can’t be bought (e.g., clean water, safe roads).
- These must be provided by the government, like:
- Hospitals
- Schools
- Clean environment
- Security
🔹 Human Development Index (HDI)
Published by UNDP, HDI includes:
- Health (Life Expectancy)
- Education (Mean Years of Schooling)
- Income (GNI per capita)
📊 Example from HDI Report 2023–24:
| Country | GNI per Capita | Life Expectancy | HDI Rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sri Lanka | $11,899 | 76.6 | 78 |
| India | $6,951 | 67.7 | 134 |
| Bangladesh | $6,511 | 73.7 | 129 |
➡️ Some smaller countries like Sri Lanka perform better than India in HDI.
🔹 Sustainable Development
- Development must not harm future generations.
- Overuse of resources (like groundwater or crude oil) is dangerous.
- Example:
- Groundwater in Punjab is overused.
- Oil reserves may last only 47 years at current usage.
📝 “We have not inherited the world from our forefathers, we have borrowed it from our children.”
✅ Key Terms
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Per Capita Income | Average income per person |
| IMR | Infant Mortality Rate – children dying before age 1 (per 1000) |
| Literacy Rate | % of literate people (age 7+) |
| Net Attendance Ratio | % of children (age 15–17) attending school |
| HDI | Human Development Index |
Hindi-English mix notes
✨ Chapter 1 – Development / विकास
🔹 Development का मतलब:
- Development का मतलब होता है बेहतर ज़िन्दगी जीने की कोशिश।
- सबकी ज़रूरतें अलग-अलग होती हैं, इसलिए development का मतलब भी अलग हो सकता है।
🔹 लोगों के Development Goals अलग क्यों होते हैं?
- Because लोग अलग होते हैं (Different people),
- और उनके जीवन की स्थिति भी अलग होती है (Different life situations)।
उदाहरण:
- किसान को अच्छी फसल और दाम चाहिए।
- लड़की चाहती है भाई जितनी आज़ादी।
- अमीर लड़का विदेश में पढ़ना चाहता है।
🔹 Income और Other Goals:
- हर कोई अच्छी income (आय) चाहता है।
- लेकिन साथ में लोग सम्मान (respect), आज़ादी (freedom), सुरक्षा (security) भी चाहते हैं।
🔹 National Development क्या होता है?
- जब पूरा देश आगे बढ़े, हर किसी को समान अवसर (equal opportunities) मिले।
- सभी के ideas अलग हो सकते हैं कि देश को कैसे विकसित किया जाए।
🔹 Average Income (Per Capita Income):
- Average income = Total income ÷ Total population
- World Bank के अनुसार:
- High income countries: $63,400/year+
- Low income countries: $2,400/year or less
- India: $10,030/year (2023) → Low-middle income country
🔹 Income बराबर होने से सब कुछ ठीक नहीं होता:
Example:
- Country A: सबकी income लगभग बराबर → ठीक है
- Country B: एक आदमी बहुत अमीर, बाकी गरीब → फर्क होता है!
🔹 Public Facilities (सार्वजनिक सुविधाएं):
- पैसा सब कुछ नहीं खरीद सकता।
- Health, Education, Safe Environment जैसी चीजें सरकार को सबके लिए देनी चाहिए।
उदाहरण:
- Kerala में कम पैसा लेकिन ज़्यादा पढ़ाई, कम बच्चा मृत्यु (Infant Mortality Rate)।
- Haryana में ज़्यादा पैसा लेकिन ज़्यादा बच्चा मरते हैं।
🔹 Human Development Index (HDI):
UNDP (United Nations) देखता है:
- Per capita income
- Education (schooling)
- Health (life expectancy)
India HDI Rank: 134 (2023)
Sri Lanka Rank: 78
→ India needs to improve!
🔹 Sustainable Development (सतत विकास):
- ऐसा development जो भविष्य में भी चल सके।
- जल, तेल जैसे संसाधनों का जरूरत से ज़्यादा उपयोग → गलत है।
Example:
- Groundwater in India खत्म हो रहा है।
- Oil एक दिन खत्म हो जाएगा।
📝 Important Terms:
- Per Capita Income: Average income per person
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): 1 साल से पहले मरने वाले बच्चों की संख्या (प्रति 1000)
- Literacy Rate: कितने लोग पढ़े-लिखे हैं
- Net Attendance Ratio: कितने बच्चे स्कूल जाते हैं (15–17 साल)