1. Fundamentals of Polynomials

An algebraic expression is a mathematical combination of numbers, variables, and operation symbols (e.g., 2x² + 5xy – 3y²).

• Terms: The individual parts of the expression separated by plus or minus signs (e.g., 2x², 5xy, and -3y² are terms).
• Coefficients: The numbers multiplying the variables in each term (e.g., in the term 2x², 2 is the coefficient; in 5xy, 5 is the coefficient; and in -3y², -3 is the coefficient).
• Univariate Polynomials: Special algebraic expressions that involve only one variable and its non-negative integer powers (e.g., x² + 5x + 3).
• Degree: The highest power of the variable in a univariate polynomial.

2. Classification of Polynomials by Degree

Polynomials are classified based on their highest power (degree):

3. The Core Formula: General Form of a Linear Relationship

A linear relationship represents the connection between two variables, x and y, and is mathematically expressed as:

y = ax + b

Where:

• x and y are the variables.
• a represents the slope (or the constant rate of change) of the line.
• b represents the y-intercept (the starting value).

4. Key Graphing Rules and Visualizations

When plotting linear equations on a coordinate plane, the following rules apply:

• The Straight Line Rule: Any linear relationship expressed in the form y = ax + b is represented visually as a straight line.
• The Y-Intercept Coordinate: A line written as y = ax + b will always cut the y-axis at the exact coordinate point (0, b). The length b is the distance from the origin where the line intersects the y-axis.
  • Example 1: The line y = 2x + 5 cuts the y-axis at A(0, 5).
  • Example 2: The line y = 3x – 2 cuts the y-axis at C(0, -2).
• Passing through the Origin: When the constant b is 0, the equation becomes y = ax. Any such straight line will always pass through the origin (0, 0).
• Steepness of the Line (y = ax where a > 0):
  • If a > 1, the line is steeper than the standard diagonal line y = x.
  • If a < 1, the line is less steep than the standard diagonal line y = x.

5. Slope, Growth, and Decay Rules

• Linear Pattern: A sequence of numbers where the difference between two consecutive terms is constant (e.g., 1, 3, 5, 7, 9…). The slope (a) of the line represents this constant difference.
• Linear Growth: A pattern where a quantity increases by a constant/fixed amount over equal intervals. Graphically, it is always represented by a straight line with a positive slope (where a > 0).
• Linear Decay: A pattern where a quantity decreases by a constant/fixed amount over equal intervals. Graphically, it is always represented by a straight line with a negative slope (where a < 0).

6. The Rule of Parallel Lines

• Parallel Lines Rule: Straight lines that share the same slope (a) but have different y-intercepts (b) are parallel to each other and will never intersect.
• They are represented by equations of the form y = ax + b, where a is fixed while b varies.
  • Example: The lines y = 2x – 1, y = 2x + 1, and y = 2x + 5 all have a slope of 2 and are parallel to each other.

The post Class 9 Maths Chapter 2: Linear Polynomials appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

1. Core Definitions & Cartesian System

• Coordinate Plane (or Cartesian/xy-Plane): The two-dimensional surface where we locate points. It is defined by two perpendicular lines intersecting each other.
• Coordinate Axes:
  • x-axis: The horizontal line in the plane.
  • y-axis: The vertical line in the plane.
• Origin (O): The point where the x-axis and y-axis intersect. Its coordinates are always (0, 0).
• Coordinates of a Point (x, y):
  • x-coordinate (Abscissa): The perpendicular distance of a point from the y-axis, measured along the x-axis.
  • y-coordinate (Ordinate): The perpendicular distance of a point from the x-axis, measured along the x-axis.

2. Rules for Points on the Axes

• Points on the x-axis: Any point lying on the x-axis has a y-coordinate of 0. Its coordinates are written in the form (x, 0).
  • If x > 0, the point lies to the right of the origin.
  • If x < 0, the point lies to the left of the origin.
• Points on the y-axis: Any point lying on the y-axis has an x-coordinate of 0. Its coordinates are written in the form (0, y).
  • If y > 0, the point lies above the origin.
  • If y < 0, the point lies below the origin.

3. Quadrants and Sign Conventions

The coordinate axes divide the Cartesian plane into four parts called quadrants, numbered counter-clockwise:

4. The Rule of Ordered Pairs

In coordinate geometry, the order of the numbers in (x, y) is crucial:

• If x ≠ y, then (x, y) ≠ (y, x).
• (x, y) = (y, x) if and only if x = y.

5. Formulas for Distance Between Two Points

Depending on how the points are oriented in the Cartesian plane, we use different distance calculations:

A. Distance along a Horizontal Line

If two points have the same y-coordinate, i.e., A(x₁, y) and B(x₂, y), the line segment joining them is parallel to the x-axis.

• Formula: Distance = |x₂ – x₁| (the absolute difference of their x-coordinates).

B. Distance along a Vertical Line

If two points have the same x-coordinate, i.e., A(x, y₁) and B(x, y₂), the line segment joining them is parallel to the y-axis.

• Formula: Distance = |y₂ – y₁| (the absolute difference of their y-coordinates).

C. General Distance Formula (Baudhāyana–Pythagoras Theorem)

For any two random points P(x₁, y₁) and Q(x₂, y₂) in the plane, the distance is calculated using the Pythagoras theorem:

Distance (d) = √[(x₂ – x₁)² + (y₂ – y₁)²]

Note: It does not matter if the differences (x₂ – x₁) or (y₂ – y₁) are negative, because squaring them always yields a positive value.

The post Class 9 Maths Chapter 1: Coordinate Geometry appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

1. पाठ परिचय (Introduction to the Chapter)

‘सूक्तिमौक्तिकम्’ पाठ न केवल संस्कृत साहित्य की नैतिक शिक्षाओं का संकलन है, बल्कि यह जीवन-दर्शन के व्यावहारिक पक्ष को उद्घाटित करता है। एक पाठ्यक्रम अभिकल्पी के रूप में, इस अध्याय का चयन छात्रों में उच्च चारित्रिक मूल्यों के बीजारोपण के लिए किया गया है। यहाँ संकलित सूक्तियाँ (सु + उक्ति = श्रेष्ठ वचन) ‘जीवन के मोती’ के समान हैं, जो सदाचरण, परोपकार, मधुर वाणी, सत्संगति और गुणों के अर्जन जैसे गंभीर विषयों को छात्र-केंद्रित दृष्टिकोण से प्रस्तुत करती हैं। इन सूक्तियों का अनुशीलन कर विद्यार्थी अपने व्यक्तित्व का सर्वांगीण परिष्कार कर सकते हैं।

2. श्लोकवार विस्तृत विवरण (Detailed Analysis of Shlokas 1 to 8)

श्लोक 1: चरित्र की रक्षा

1. मूल श्लोक एवं स्रोत: वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षेद् वित्तमेति च याति च। अक्षीणो वित्ततः क्षीणो वृत्ततस्तु हतो हतः॥ (मनुस्मृतिः)
2. अन्वय (Anvaya): वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षेत, वित्तम् एति च याति च। वित्ततः क्षीणः अक्षीणः (भवति), वृत्ततः (क्षीणः) तु हतः हतः।
3. शब्दार्थ (Vocabulary): | संस्कृत शब्द | हिंदी अर्थ | अंग्रेजी अर्थ | | :— | :— | :— | | वृत्तम् | आचरण, चरित्र | Conduct | | वित्तम् | धन, ऐश्वर्य | Money/Wealth | | यत्नेन | प्रयत्नपूर्वक | With effort | | अक्षीणः | जो नष्ट न हुआ हो (संपन्न) | Not exhausted | | हतः | नष्ट हुआ, मृतप्राय | Destroyed |
4. हिंदी भावार्थ एवं ‘सीख’ (Meaning & Insight): मनुष्य को अपने चरित्र (वृत्तम्) की रक्षा विशेष प्रयत्नपूर्वक करनी चाहिए। धन (वित्तम्) तो अस्थिर है, वह आता है और चला जाता है। धन के क्षीण होने पर मनुष्य का सामर्थ्य समाप्त नहीं होता, किंतु यदि चरित्र नष्ट हो जाए, तो मनुष्य का अस्तित्व ही समाप्त हो जाता है और वह जीवित रहते हुए भी मृत के समान है।
   • सीख (Insight): जीवन में धन साधन मात्र है, किंतु चरित्र साध्य है। आर्थिक क्षति प्रतिपूर्ति योग्य है, किंतु चारित्रिक पतन अपूरणीय और विनाशकारी है।

धन और चरित्र के इस मौलिक भेद को समझने के उपरांत, आइए मानवीय आचरण के उस केंद्रबिंदु की चर्चा करें जिसे धर्म का सार कहा गया है।

श्लोक 2: धर्म का सार

1. मूल श्लोक एवं स्रोत: श्रूयतां धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा चैवावधार्यताम्। आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्॥ (विदुरनीतिः)
2. अन्वय (Anvaya): धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रूयताम्, श्रुत्वा च एव अवधार्यताम्। आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्।
3. शब्दार्थ (Vocabulary): | संस्कृत शब्द | हिंदी अर्थ | अंग्रेजी अर्थ | | :— | :— | :— | | धर्मसर्वस्वम् | धर्म का सब कुछ (कर्तव्य सार) | Gist of righteousness | | अवधार्यताम् | धारण करना चाहिए | Hold/Adopt | | प्रतिकूलानि | विपरीत/अनुकूल नहीं | Adverse | | परेषाम् | दूसरों के प्रति | Towards others |
4. हिंदी भावार्थ एवं ‘सीख’ (Meaning & Insight): धर्म के संपूर्ण सार को एकाग्र होकर सुनें और सुनकर उसे अपने जीवन में आत्मसात (धारण) करें। जो आचरण स्वयं के लिए दुःखद या प्रतिकूल प्रतीत हो, वैसा व्यवहार अन्य किसी भी प्राणी के साथ नहीं करना चाहिए।
   • सीख (Insight): नैतिकता का सर्वोच्च मापदंड ‘सहानुभूति’ और ‘परदुःखकातरता’ है। अपने प्रति किए गए व्यवहार को ही दूसरों के लिए मानक बनाएँ।

आचरण की शुद्धता के साथ-साथ सामाजिक संबंधों में मधुरता का संचार कैसे हो, इसे प्रिय वाणी के महत्व से समझते हैं।

श्लोक 3: मधुर वाणी का प्रभाव

1. मूल श्लोक एवं स्रोत: प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन सर्वे तुष्यन्ति जन्तवः। तस्मात् तदेव वक्तव्यं वचने का दरिद्रता॥ (चाणक्यनीतिः)
2. अन्वय (Anvaya): सर्वे जन्तवः प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन तुष्यन्ति। तस्मात् तत् एव वक्तव्यम्, वचने का दरिद्रता?
3. शब्दार्थ (Vocabulary): | संस्कृत शब्द | हिंदी अर्थ | अंग्रेजी अर्थ | | :— | :— | :— | | तुष्यन्ति | संतुष्ट/प्रसन्न होते हैं | Become satisfied | | जन्तवः | प्राणी | Living beings | | दरिद्रता | कंजूसी/गरीबी | Poverty | | वक्तव्यम् | कहना चाहिए | Worth saying |
4. हिंदी भावार्थ एवं ‘सीख’ (Meaning & Insight): प्रिय और मधुर वचन बोलने से संसार के समस्त प्राणी संतुष्ट एवं प्रसन्न हो जाते हैं। अतः मनुष्य को सदैव मधुर वाणी का ही प्रयोग करना चाहिए। परोपकारी वचनों को बोलने में किसी भी प्रकार की कृपणता या कंजूसी नहीं करनी चाहिए।
   • सीख (Insight): मधुर वाणी एक ऐसा अक्षय कोश है जिसे व्यय करने पर सामाजिक सौहार्द बढ़ता है। वाक्-कौशल में उदारता ही वास्तव में मनुष्य की समृद्धि है।

मधुर वाणी से दूसरों को आह्लादित करने के बाद, आइए परोपकार की उस पराकाष्ठा को देखें जो प्रकृति के कण-कण में व्याप्त है।

श्लोक 4: परोपकार का स्वभाव

1. मूल श्लोक एवं स्रोत: पिबन्ति नद्यः स्वयमेव नाम्भः स्वयं न खादन्ति फलानि वृक्षाः। नादन्ति सस्यं खलु वारिवाहाः परोपकाराय सतां विभूतयः॥ (सुभाषितरत्नभाण्डागारम्)
2. अन्वय (Anvaya): नद्यः स्वयम् एव अम्भः न पिबन्ति, वृक्षाः स्वयं फलानि न खादन्ति। वारिवाहाः खलु सस्यं न अदन्ति, सतां विभूतयः परोपकाराय (एव भवन्ति)।
3. शब्दार्थ (Vocabulary): | संस्कृत शब्द | हिंदी अर्थ | अंग्रेजी अर्थ | | :— | :— | :— | | अम्भः | जल | Water | | वारिवाहाः | बादल | Clouds | | विभूतयः | संपत्तियां/समृद्धियां | Riches | | सस्यम् | फसल/अनाज | Crop |
4. हिंदी भावार्थ एवं ‘सीख’ (Meaning & Insight): नदियाँ अपना जल स्वयं नहीं पीतीं, वृक्ष अपने फल स्वयं नहीं खाते और बादल स्वयं द्वारा सिंचित अनाज को कभी नहीं चखते। इसी प्रकार, सज्जन पुरुषों का सामर्थ्य और ऐश्वर्य केवल दूसरों के हित और कल्याण के लिए समर्पित होता है।
   • सीख (Insight): निस्वार्थता ही प्रकृति का मूल स्वभाव है। मनुष्य की वास्तविक उपयोगिता उसके परोपकारी कार्यों में निहित है, न कि स्वार्थ-सिद्धि में।

परोपकार की इस उदात्त भावना को चिरस्थायी बनाने के लिए गुणों का अर्जन अनिवार्य है, जिसे अगला श्लोक अत्यंत प्रभावशाली ढंग से प्रस्तुत करता है।

श्लोक 5: गुणों का अर्जन

1. मूल श्लोक एवं स्रोत: गुणेष्वेव हि कर्तव्यः प्रयत्नः पुरुषैः सदा। गुणयुक्तो दरिद्रोऽपि नेश्वरैरगुणैः समः॥ (मृच्छकटिकम्)
2. अन्वय (Anvaya): पुरुषैः सदा गुणेषु एव हि प्रयत्नः कर्तव्यः। गुणयुक्तः दरिद्रः अपि अगुणैः ईश्वरैः समः न (न भवति)।
3. शब्दार्थ (Vocabulary): | संस्कृत शब्द | हिंदी अर्थ | अंग्रेजी अर्थ | | :— | :— | :— | | गुणयुक्तः | गुणों से संपन्न | Meritorious | | अगुणैः | गुणहीनों से | With people without attributes | | ईश्वरैः | समर्थों/धनी लोगों से | Powerful/Rich | | प्रयत्नः | विशेष प्रयास | Effort |
4. हिंदी भावार्थ एवं ‘सीख’ (Meaning & Insight): मनुष्य को सदैव श्रेष्ठ गुणों के अर्जन हेतु ही निरंतर प्रयत्न करना चाहिए। गुणों से युक्त निर्धन व्यक्ति भी गुणहीन ऐश्वर्यशाली पुरुषों के समान नहीं होता, अपितु उनसे श्रेष्ठ होता है।
   • सीख (Insight): यहाँ व्यतिरेक अलंकार की दृष्टि से विद्वान यह स्पष्ट करते हैं कि गुणों का मूल्य भौतिक संपदा से श्रेष्ठ है। गुणवान व्यक्ति का आंतरिक सामर्थ्य उसे बाह्य रूप से संपन्न किंतु गुणहीन व्यक्तियों से उच्चतर श्रेणी में प्रतिष्ठित करता है।

गुणी और दुर्जन व्यक्ति के मध्य जो सूक्ष्म भेद है, वह उनकी मित्रता की प्रकृति से भी प्रकट होता है, जिसे छाया के दृष्टांत से समझा जा सकता है।

श्लोक 6: मित्रता का स्वरूप

1. मूल श्लोक एवं स्रोत: आरम्भगुर्वी क्षयिणी क्रमेण लघ्वी पुरा वृद्धिमती च पश्चात्। दिनस्य पूर्वार्द्धपरार्द्धभिन्ना छायेव मैत्री खलसज्जनानाम्॥ (नीतिशतकम्)
2. अन्वय (Anvaya): आरम्भगुर्वी (भवति) क्रमेण {च} क्षयिणी (भवति), पुरा लघ्वी (भवति) पश्चात् च वृद्धिमती (भवति)। दिनस्य पूर्वार्द्ध-परार्द्ध-छाया इव खल-सज्जनानां मैत्री भिन्ना (भवति)।
3. शब्दार्थ (Vocabulary): | संस्कृत शब्द | हिंदी अर्थ | अंग्रेजी अर्थ | | :— | :— | :— | | आरम्भगुर्वी | शुरुआत में लंबी | Bigger in the beginning | | क्षयिणी | घटने के स्वभाव वाली | Reducing | | पुरा | पहले | Earlier | | वृद्धिमती | बढ़ती हुई | Increasing | | खलसज्जनानाम् | दुष्टों और सज्जनों की | Of bad and good people |
4. हिंदी भावार्थ एवं ‘सीख’ (Meaning & Insight): दुष्टों और सज्जनों की मित्रता दिन के दो भागों की छाया की भाँति भिन्न होती है। दुष्टों की मित्रता दिन के पूर्वार्द्ध (पूर्वाह्न) की छाया के समान होती है जो प्रारंभ में बहुत सघन (बड़ी) होती है किंतु धीरे-धीरे क्षीण हो जाती है। इसके विपरीत, सज्जनों की मित्रता दिन के परार्द्ध (अपराह्न) की छाया जैसी होती है, जो प्रारंभ में अत्यंत सूक्ष्म होती है किंतु समय के साथ निरंतर प्रगाढ़ और व्यापक होती जाती है।
   • सीख (Insight): यहाँ कालगत (temporal) पक्ष महत्वपूर्ण है। दुर्जन की मित्रता स्वार्थ-आधारित होने के कारण शीघ्र समाप्त होती है, जबकि सज्जन का स्नेह विश्वास के साथ परिपक्व होता है।

सज्जनों की महिमा केवल मित्रता तक सीमित नहीं है, उनके किसी स्थान से जाने पर जो प्रभाव पड़ता है, वह हंस और सरोवर के रूपक से स्पष्ट होता है।

श्लोक 7: हंस और सरोवर का वियोग

1. मूल श्लोक एवं स्रोत: यत्रापि कुत्रापि गता भवेयुर्हंसा महीमण्डलमण्डनाय। हानिस्तु तेषां हि सरोवराणां येषां मरालैः सह विप्रयोगः॥ (भामिनीविलासः)
2. अन्वय (Anvaya): हंसाः महीमण्डलमण्डनाय यत्र अपि कुत्र अपि गताः भवेयुः। हानिः तु तेषां हि सरोवराणां (भवति), येषां (सरोवराणाम्) मरालैः सह विप्रयोगः (भवति)।
3. शब्दार्थ (Vocabulary): | संस्कृत शब्द | हिंदी अर्थ | अंग्रेजी अर्थ | | :— | :— | :— | | महीमण्डल | पृथ्वी को | The earth | | मण्डनाय | सुशोभित करने हेतु | For emblazoning | | मरालैः | हंसों से | With swans | | विप्रयोगः | वियोग/अलगाव | Separation |
4. हिंदी भावार्थ एवं ‘सीख’ (Meaning & Insight): हंस पृथ्वी को सुशोभित करने के उद्देश्य से जहाँ कहीं भी चले जाएँ, उनका गौरव बना रहता है। वास्तव में हानि तो उन सरोवरों की होती है, जिनका उन वैभवशाली हंसों से विछोह (वियोग) हो जाता है।
   • सीख (Insight): गुणी व्यक्ति का महत्व स्थान पर निर्भर नहीं करता, वे सर्वत्र पूज्य हैं। किंतु जिस परिवेश का त्याग वे करते हैं, वह स्थान अपनी गरिमा और शोभा खो देता है।

अंततः, संगति का हमारे नैसर्गिक गुणों पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है, इसे नदियों और समुद्र के प्रसिद्ध उदाहरण से हृदयंगम करते हैं।

श्लोक 8: संगति का प्रभाव

1. मूल श्लोक एवं स्रोत: गुणा गुणज्ञेषु गुणा भवन्ति ते निर्गुणं प्राप्य भवन्ति दोषाः। आस्वाद्यतोयाः प्रवहन्ति नद्यः समुद्रमासाद्य भवन्त्यपेयाः॥ (हितोपदेशः)
2. अन्वय (Anvaya): गुणाः गुणज्ञेषु गुणाः भवन्ति, ते (गुणाः) निर्गुणं प्राप्य दोषाः भवन्ति। आस्वाद्यतोयाः नद्यः प्रवहन्ति, (ताः एव नद्यः) समुद्रम् आसाद्य अपेयाः भवन्ति।
3. शब्दार्थ (Vocabulary): | संस्कृत शब्द | हिंदी अर्थ | अंग्रेजी अर्थ | | :— | :— | :— | | गुणज्ञेषु | गुणों के पारखियों में | Among connoisseurs | | आस्वाद्यतोयाः | स्वादिष्ट जल वाली | Filled with tasty water | | आसाद्य | पहुँचकर/प्राप्त कर | Reaching | | अपेयाः | न पीने योग्य | Undrinkable |
4. हिंदी भावार्थ एवं ‘सीख’ (Meaning & Insight): गुण तब तक ही वास्तविक गुण रहते हैं, जब तक वे गुणों की पहचान करने वाले गुणी व्यक्तियों के पास होते हैं। वही गुण जब गुणहीन (निर्जन) व्यक्ति के संसर्ग में आते हैं, तो दोष में परिवर्तित हो जाते हैं। जैसे स्वादिष्ट जल वाली नदियाँ जब तक पर्वत से निकलकर बहती हैं, जल पेय होता है, किंतु समुद्र में मिलते ही वह जल खारा और अपेय हो जाता है।
   • सीख (Insight): गुणों के संरक्षण और विकास के लिए ‘पात्र’ (Suitable Container) का होना अनिवार्य है। कुसंगति उत्तम गुणों का भी स्वरूप विकृत कर देती है, अतः संगति का चयन विवेकपूर्वक करना चाहिए।

3. मुख्य तुलनात्मक अंतर्दृष्टि (Key Comparative Insights)

4. भाषा संबंधी महत्वपूर्ण बिंदु (Linguistic Highlights)

• तसिल् (तसिल) प्रत्यय: पंचमी विभक्ति (अपादान/से) के स्थान पर शब्दों को संक्षिप्त करने हेतु प्रयुक्त होता है। इसमें ‘तः’ शेष रहता है।
  • NCERT उदाहरण: सागर + तसिल् = सागरतः, प्रयाग + तसिल् = प्रयागतः, देहली + तसिल् = देहलीतः।
  • पाठ आधारित: वित्ततः (धन से), वृत्ततः (चरित्र से)।
• उपसर्गों की प्रभावशीलता: ‘हृ’ धातु के साथ विभिन्न उपसर्गों के संयोग से अर्थगत परिवर्तन इस प्रकार होता है:
  • प्र + हृ = प्रहरति (हमला करना)
  • वि + हृ = विहरति (विहार/भ्रमण करना)
  • उप + हृ = उपहरति (भेंट देना)
  • सम् + हृ = संहारति (मारना)
• स्त्री प्रत्यय (टाप् एवं ङीष्): पुल्लिंग शब्दों को स्त्रीलिंग बनाने हेतु महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
  • टाप्: बाल + टाप् = बाला, अध्यापक + टाप् = अध्यापिका।
  • ङीष्: लघु + ङीष् = लघ्वी, गुरु + ङीष् = गुर्वी (ncert [SOURCE_IMAGE_25])।

5. स्वाध्याय हेतु प्रश्न (Self-Study Questions)

1. प्रश्न: वित्ततः क्षीणः कीदृशः भवति?
   • उत्तर: वित्ततः क्षीणः अक्षीणः भवति। (धन से हीन व्यक्ति वास्तव में नष्ट नहीं होता।)
2. प्रश्न: कुत्र दरिद्रता न भवेत्?
   • उत्तर: प्रियवाक्यप्रदाने (वचने) दरिद्रता न भवेत्। (प्रिय बोलने में दरिद्रता या कंजूसी नहीं करनी चाहिए।)
3. प्रश्न: वृक्षाः स्वयं कानि न खादन्ति?
   • उत्तर: वृक्षाः स्वयं फलानि न खादन्ति। (वृक्ष स्वयं के फलों का उपभोग नहीं करते।)
4. प्रश्न: यत्नेन किं रक्षेत्- वित्तं वृत्तं वा?
   • उत्तर: यत्नेन वृत्तं रक्षेत्। (प्रयत्नपूर्वक चरित्र की रक्षा करनी चाहिए।)

The post कक्षा 9 संस्कृत – अध्याय 4 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम् appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

1. What is the most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere?

A) Oxygen

B) Carbon dioxide

C) Nitrogen

D) Argon

Answer: C) Nitrogen. The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of a mixture of various gases, and nitrogen is the most abundant gas, making up 78% of it.

2. In which layer of the atmosphere do nearly all weather phenomena, such as rainfall, fog, and hail, occur?

A) Stratosphere

B) Mesosphere

C) Troposphere

D) Thermosphere

Answer: C) Troposphere. The troposphere contains the air we breathe along with most of the water vapour and clouds, causing nearly all weather phenomena.

3. Why is the stratosphere considered ideal for flying aeroplanes?

A) It contains a high amount of oxygen

B) It has a very high temperature

C) It reflects radio waves

D) It is free of clouds and other weather disturbances

Answer: D) It is free of clouds and other weather disturbances. Extending up to 50 kilometres, its stable conditions make it ideal for aviation.

4. Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone gas that shields us from harmful ultraviolet radiation?

A) Troposphere

B) Stratosphere

C) Mesosphere

D) Exosphere

Answer: B) Stratosphere. A notable feature of the stratosphere is that it contains a layer of ozone gas which acts as a protective shield against the Sun’s harmful radiation.

5. What happens to most meteorites entering the Earth’s atmosphere from space?

A) They bounce off the Exosphere

B) They freeze in the Stratosphere

C) They burn up in the Mesosphere

D) They reflect off the Thermosphere

Answer: C) They burn up in the Mesosphere. The mesosphere extends up to 80 kilometres and burns up most incoming space debris.

6. Which layer of the atmosphere helps with radio transmission by reflecting radio waves back towards Earth?

A) Stratosphere

B) Exosphere

C) Troposphere

D) Thermosphere

Answer: D) Thermosphere. The ionosphere is a part of this layer and reflects transmitted radio waves to aid in communication.

7. In which layer of the atmosphere do the northern and southern lights (auroras) occur?

A) Troposphere

B) Stratosphere

C) Thermosphere

D) Mesosphere

Answer: C) Thermosphere. Auroras are created when solar wind interacts with different atmospheric gases in the thermosphere.

8. What term refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for an extended period, usually thirty years or more?

A) Weather

B) Insolation

C) Climate

D) Humidity

Answer: C) Climate. While weather reflects day-to-day atmospheric conditions, climate tracks long-term averages over extended periods.

9. What is the incoming solar energy intercepted by the Earth, which largely affects temperature distribution, called?

A) Humidity

B) Gravity

C) Insolation

D) Precipitation

Answer: C) Insolation. The amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards the poles, heavily influencing the Earth’s temperature.

10. What type of weather is generally associated with a high-pressure area?

A) Cloudy skies and wet weather

B) Clear and sunny skies

C) Severe storms

D) Heavy snowfall

Answer: B) Clear and sunny skies. In areas with lower temperatures, the air is cold and heavy; it sinks, creating a high-pressure area associated with clear and sunny skies.

11. When does a sea breeze primarily blow from the sea to the land?

A) During the day, especially in the afternoon

B) During the night, after sunset

C) Only during the winter season

D) Only during the monsoon season

Answer: A) During the day, especially in the afternoon. The land becomes warmer than the sea, creating a low-pressure region that draws in wind from the sea.

12. The word ‘monsoon’ is derived from the word ‘mausim’. What language does this word originate from?

A) Latin

B) Arabic

C) Sanskrit

D) Greek

Answer: B) Arabic. Arab traders travelling to India observed the seasonal reversal of winds and coined the term from ‘mausim’, which literally means season.

13. Traditionally, how many seasons is the year divided into according to the astronomical division in the Indian calendar?

A) 4

B) 5

C) 6

D) 12

Answer: C) 6. Traditional Indian seasons consist of spring (Vasanta), summer (Grishma), monsoon (Varsha), early autumn (Sharad), late autumn (Hemanta), and winter (Shishira).

14. Which ancient text contains records of scientific measurements of rainfall and their practical application in managing revenue?

A) Meghadutam

B) Brihatsamhita

C) Kautilya’s Arthashastra

D) Krishiparashara

Answer: C) Kautilya’s Arthashastra. This text recorded rainfall measurements and detailed how they were used in managing the country’s revenue and relief efforts.

15. Which 5th-century CE text by Kalidasa mentions the date of the onset of the monsoon over central India?

A) Meghadutam

B) Brihatsamhita

C) Arthashastra

D) Krishiparashara

Answer: A) Meghadutam. This historical text traces the path of monsoon clouds and mentions the onset dates.

16. During the winter monsoon (north-east monsoon), which Indian regions receive important rainfall?

A) Punjab and Haryana

B) Rajasthan and Gujarat

C) Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka

D) Jammu and Kashmir

Answer: C) Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka. As winds pass over the Bay of Bengal, they pick up moisture and cause rainfall in the south-eastern regions.

17. What is the term for the total amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities?

A) Carbon footprint

B) Insolation

C) Atmospheric pressure

D) Ozone depletion

Answer: A) Carbon footprint. It calculates the impact of activities like energy use, transportation, and production of goods on the atmosphere.

18. In 2025, which Indian state experienced severe floods due to heavy monsoon rains and the swelling of the Satluj, Beas, and Ravi rivers?

A) Kerala

B) Assam

C) Punjab

D) Bihar

Answer: C) Punjab. Heavy monsoon rains and the consecutive swelling of these rivers caused devastating floods in the state.

19. What local term is used for the river embankments that were weak and failed to stop the rising water during the 2025 Punjab floods?

A) Nakshatras

B) Dhusi bandh

C) Vasanta

D) Mausim

Answer: B) Dhusi bandh. The failure of these old embankments was a major human-made cause that worsened the flooding.

20. Which Government of India mission aims to make the nation ‘Weather Ready’ and ‘Climate Smart’?

A) Mission Nakshatra

B) National Flood Mission

C) Mission Mausam

D) Mission Aurora

Answer: C) Mission Mausam. This initiative seeks to improve weather and climate services across agriculture, disaster management, and rural development globally.

21. What happens to the air’s capacity to hold water vapour as its temperature gets warmer?

A) It decreases

B) It remains the same

C) It completely drops to zero

D) It increases

Answer: D) It increases. As air gets warmer, its capacity to hold water vapour increases, leading to higher humidity levels.

22. In which two layers of the atmosphere does temperature exclusively decrease with increasing altitude?

A) Stratosphere and Thermosphere

B) Troposphere and Mesosphere

C) Exosphere and Stratosphere

D) Mesosphere and Thermosphere

Answer: B) Troposphere and Mesosphere. The temperature decreases with altitude only within the troposphere and mesosphere.

23. What percentage of the Earth’s atmosphere consists of Oxygen?

A) 78%

B) 21%

C) 0.93%

D) 0.04%

Answer: B) 21%. Oxygen is the second most abundant gas and makes up 21% of the atmosphere.

24. Nakshatras divide the sky into how many equal parts?

A) 12

B) 24

C) 27

D) 30

Answer: C) 27. Nakshatras are a way of dividing the sky into 27 equal parts along the path the Moon travels.

25. Which is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere where light gases like helium and hydrogen float into space?

A) Troposphere

B) Stratosphere

C) Thermosphere

D) Exosphere

Answer: D) Exosphere. The uppermost layer is known as the exosphere, characterised by very thin air and weak gravity.

The post Class 9 Social Science: Chapter 3 appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

1. Who proposed the theory of Plate Tectonics?

A) Alfred Wegener

B) W.J. Morgan

C) Arthur Holmes

D) Harry Hess

Answer: B) W.J. Morgan.

2. The crust and the upper part of the mantle together form which layer of the Earth?

A) Asthenosphere

B) Core

C) Lithosphere

D) Mesosphere

Answer: C) Lithosphere.

3. Which semi-molten layer lies beneath the lithosphere and allows tectonic plates to move?

A) Inner Core

B) Asthenosphere

C) Outer Core

D) Continental Crust

Answer: B) Asthenosphere.

4. What type of plate boundary forms fold mountains like the Himalaya?

A) Divergent boundary

B) Transform boundary

C) Convergent boundary

D) Destructive boundary

Answer: C) Convergent boundary.

5. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a feature formed by which type of plate movement?

A) Plates moving towards each other

B) Plates moving away from each other

C) Plates sliding past each other

D) Plates sinking beneath one another

Answer: B) Plates moving away from each other.

6. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along a specific area around the Pacific Ocean known as the:

A) Pacific Belt

B) Ring of Fire

C) Volcanic Circle

D) Tectonic Ring

Answer: B) Ring of Fire.

7. In ancient India, which scholar dedicated a section to earthquakes in the Bṛihatsaṁhitā?

A) Aryabhata

B) Kauṭilya

C) Varāhamihira

D) Brahmagupta

Answer: C) Varāhamihira.

8. Where is India’s only mud volcano located?

A) Lakshadweep

B) Majuli Island

C) Baratang Island

D) Kutch

Answer: C) Baratang Island.

9. The process through which rocks on the Earth’s surface break down into smaller pieces without moving the material is known as:

A) Erosion

B) Weathering

C) Deposition

D) Gradation

Answer: B) Weathering.

10. When plant roots grow into cracks of rocks and split them apart, it is an example of:

A) Physical weathering

B) Chemical weathering

C) Biological weathering

D) Erosion

Answer: C) Biological weathering.

11. Which process involves the wearing away and movement of soil and rocks from one place to another by natural agents?

A) Erosion

B) Physical weathering

C) Faulting

D) Chemical weathering

Answer: A) Erosion.

12. The Zabo system, an integrated farming approach using earthen bunds on hillslopes for soil and water conservation, is found in:

A) Meghalaya

B) Nagaland

C) Assam

D) Arunachal Pradesh

Answer: B) Nagaland.

13. Which of the following landforms is typically formed in the upper course of a river?

A) Meander

B) Delta

C) Oxbow lake

D) Waterfall

Answer: D) Waterfall.

14. A winding curve or bend in the middle or lower course of a river is called a:

A) V-shaped valley

B) Meander

C) Levee

D) Delta

Answer: B) Meander.

15. A fan-shaped or triangular area of land formed by the deposition of sediments at the mouth of a river is called a:

A) Estuary

B) Delta

C) Meander

D) Oxbow lake

Answer: B) Delta.

16. Which coastal landform is created when caves on opposite sides of a headland meet and erode through?

A) Sea cliff

B) Sea stack

C) Sea arch

D) Wave-cut platform

Answer: C) Sea arch.

17. Bowl-shaped depressions at the head of a glacier are known as:

A) U-shaped valleys

B) Cirques

C) Aretes

D) Fjords

Answer: B) Cirques.

18. Landforms created by the deposition of rocks, soil, and debris carried and left behind by glaciers are called:

A) Moraines

B) Dunes

C) Yardangs

D) Stacks

Answer: A) Moraines.

19. Streamlined rock ridges carved by wind in desert regions are known as:

A) Ventifacts

B) Yardangs

C) Deflation hollows

D) Barchans

Answer: B) Yardangs.

20. Crescent-shaped sand dunes that form in areas with limited sand and a single wind direction are called:

A) Longitudinal dunes

B) Star dunes

C) Parabolic dunes

D) Barchan dunes

Answer: D) Barchan dunes.

21. Icicle-shaped formations hanging from the ceiling of limestone caves are called:

A) Stalagmites

B) Sinkholes

C) Stalactites

D) Dolines

Answer: C) Stalactites.

22. Unique landforms created by underground water through chemical weathering and erosion in limestone areas are collectively called:

A) Karst topography

B) Glacial topography

C) Arid topography

D) Coastal topography

Answer: A) Karst topography.

23. Which of the following human activities heavily contributes to the triggering of landslides?

A) Afforestation

B) Deforestation

C) Contour farming

D) Terracing

Answer: B) Deforestation.

24. A sudden instability of snow on steep mountain slopes causing it to slide down rapidly is known as an:

A) Earthflow

B) GLOF

C) Avalanche

D) Dust storm

Answer: C) Avalanche.

25. What does the acronym GLOF stand for in the context of mountain disasters?

A) Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

B) Global Lake Overflow Flow

C) Glacial Landslide Outburst Flood

D) Geological Lake Outburst Flow

Answer: A) Glacial Lake Outburst Flood.

The post Class 9 Social Science: Chapter 2 appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

Indian political thought linked politics with economics, social life, morality, and which of the following?
A) Poetry
B) Defence
C) Philosophy
D) Art
Answer: B) Defence.

Social Science is defined as the systematic study of what?
A) The natural world
B) Human society
C) Chemical reactions
D) Plant biology
Answer: B) Human society.

While subjects like Physics and Chemistry study the natural world, what does Social Science primarily focus on?
A) Chemical bonds
B) Human interactions, institutions, and society
C) Plant and animal cells
D) Space exploration
Answer: B) Human interactions, institutions, and society.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four core disciplines of Social Science in Grades 9–10?
A) Geography
B) Political Science
C) Biology
D) Economics
Answer: C) Biology.

The Indian philosophical concept of the Pañchamahābhūtas explains the world as being composed of how many fundamental elements?
A) Three
B) Four
C) Five
D) Six
Answer: C) Five.

What does the ancient Sanskrit phrase ‘vasudhaiva kuṭumbakam’ mean?
A) Survival of the fittest
B) Knowledge is power
C) The world is one family
D) Duty above all
Answer: C) The world is one family.

The Arthaśhāstra, an ancient text examining administration and economic management, is attributed to whom?
A) Ashoka
B) Kauṭilya
C) Akbar
D) Chandragupta
Answer: B) Kauṭilya.

Which core discipline primarily studies the Earth, its environments, and the relationships between people and their surroundings?
A) Geography
B) History
C) Economics
D) Political Science
Answer: A) Geography.

Geography adopts a holistic approach by integrating spatial perspectives with which other perspective?
A) Biological perspectives
B) Temporal perspectives
C) Linguistic perspectives
D) Chemical perspectives
Answer: B) Temporal perspectives.

Which NCERT portal allows students to map their own village or city?
A) School Bhuvan portal
B) Bharat Map portal
C) NCERT Geo portal
D) Indian GIS portal
Answer: A) School Bhuvan portal.

Which ancient Indian tradition preserves cultural memory and transmits values through stories?
A) Arthaśhāstra
B) rājadharma
C) itihāsa-purāṇa
D) Pañchamahābhūtas
Answer: C) itihāsa-purāṇa.

Information collected by actual observation or experimentation is known as:
A) Anecdotal evidence
B) Theoretical evidence
C) Empirical evidence
D) Fictional evidence
Answer: C) Empirical evidence.

Material remains used to study the past, such as excavated sites and monuments, are known as:
A) Archaeological sources
B) Literary sources
C) Oral traditions
D) Genealogical records
Answer: A) Archaeological sources.

Documents that trace family lineage and ancestry between generations are called:
A) Numismatic sources
B) Genealogical records
C) Travelogues
D) Epigraphic sources
Answer: B) Genealogical records.

Which historical sources consist of texts, decrees, or records inscribed on durable materials like stone or metal plates?
A) Numismatic sources
B) Literary sources
C) Epigraphic sources
D) Oral traditions
Answer: C) Epigraphic sources.

Which discipline focuses on the study of governance, constitutions, and institutions of the State?
A) Economics
B) Political Science
C) Geography
D) History
Answer: B) Political Science.

The study of the economy, chronology, and culture of a civilization through its coins is known as:
A) Epigraphy
B) Archaeology
C) Genealogy
D) Numismatics
Answer: D) Numismatics.

The Tirukkuṟal̰ is a traditional palm-leaf manuscript representing an ancient text of ethical wisdom from which language?
A) Tamil
B) Sanskrit
C) Hindi
D) Kannada
Answer: A) Tamil.

Which system embodies grassroots democracy by giving citizens a voice in local development planning in India’s villages?
A) Monarchical system
B) Panchayati Raj system
C) Judicial System
D) Free Market system
Answer: B) Panchayati Raj system.

In ancient Indian political thought, the term ‘rājadharma’ refers to:
A) Economic well-being
B) Duties of the ruler
C) Moral duty
D) Grassroots democracy
Answer: B) Duties of the ruler.

Which discipline explores how societies produce, distribute, and utilize resources to meet their needs?
A) History
B) Economics
C) Political Science
D) Geography
Answer: B) Economics.

According to the principles of Economics, who determines what and how much to produce?
A) Producers
B) Consumers
C) Historians
D) Geographers
Answer: A) Producers.

What was a major negative impact of colonial rule on India’s historical economy?
A) Unprecedented economic boom
B) Complete elimination of agriculture
C) Widespread poverty and decline of traditional industries
D) Expansion of maritime activity
Answer: C) Widespread poverty and decline of traditional industries.

Why is Social Science described as a group of related disciplines rather than a single subject?
A) Because natural sciences cover everything else
B) Because it only focuses on the ancient past
C) Because human society is complex and cannot be fully explained by one field
D) Because there are not enough books to cover it all
Answer: C) Because human society is complex and cannot be fully explained by one field.

How does understanding government functions help people in a democratic society?
A) It prepares them to participate responsibly in civic life
B) It teaches them how to make money
C) It allows them to avoid paying taxes
D) It helps them exploit natural resources
Answer: A) It prepares them to participate responsibly in civic life.

The post Class 9 Social Science: Chapter 1 – Understanding Social Science MCQs appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

The post CLASS 9 SST CHAPTER 1 appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

1. What is the main theme of the story “Quality”?
A. Wealth and luxury
B. Hard work and dedication to craft
C. Adventure and travel
D. Friendship
Answer: B

2. Who wrote the story “Quality”?
A. R.L. Stevenson
B. John Keats
C. John Galsworthy
D. William Wordsworth
Answer: C

3. What did Mr Gessler make?
A. Clothes
B. Boots
C. Pots
D. Furniture
Answer: B

4. What was special about Mr Gessler’s boots?
A. They were cheap
B. They were colourful
C. They lasted very long
D. They were mass-produced
Answer: C

5. Why did Mr Gessler dislike big firms?
A. They used poor leather
B. They advertised instead of focusing on quality
C. They copied his designs
D. They charged more money
Answer: B

6. What does Mr Gessler consider boot-making to be?
A. A job
B. A business
C. An art
D. A hobby
Answer: C

7. Why did Mr Gessler lose customers?
A. His boots were expensive
B. He worked too slowly
C. He moved away
D. He stopped making boots
Answer: B

8. What ultimately caused Mr Gessler’s death?
A. Illness
B. Accident
C. Starvation due to lack of business
D. Old age
Answer: C

9. What does the poem celebrate?
A. Nature
B. Childhood
C. Various vocations
D. Festivals
Answer: C

10. What does the poet mean by “voice of their vocation”?
A. Their speech
B. Their profession defines their identity
C. Their songs
D. Their language
Answer: B

11. Who are described as working with mathematical precision?
A. Electricians
B. Carpenters
C. Boatmen
D. Shoemakers
Answer: B

12. What do electricians do according to the poem?
A. Build houses
B. Make tools
C. Brighten lives
D. Sell goods
Answer: C

13. What is the tone of the poem?
A. Sad
B. Angry
C. Celebratory and respectful
D. Humorous
Answer: C

14. What does ‘affirm’ mean in the context of the poem?
A. To deny
B. To declare confidently
C. To question
D. To ignore
Answer: B

15. What do shoemakers ensure through their work?
A. Style
B. Comfort and durability
C. Cheap prices
D. Fashion trends
Answer: B

16. Which of the following is an example of pottery mentioned?
A. Blue pottery from Jaipur
B. Silk weaving
C. Wood carving
D. Metal casting
Answer: A

17. What is reflective writing mainly about?
A. Storytelling
B. Personal thoughts and experiences
C. News reporting
D. Advertising
Answer: B

18. What is the first step in reflective writing?
A. Conclusion
B. Examples
C. Introduction
D. Editing
Answer: C

19. Which profession is related to making pots?
A. Carpenter
B. Potter
C. Farmer
D. Tailor
Answer: B

20. Who grows crops in fields according to the riddles?
A. Builder
B. Farmer
C. Cook
D. Potter
Answer: B

21. What does a mason do?
A. Cook food
B. Build structures
C. Make shoes
D. Repair wires
Answer: B

22. What is the role of a cook in the poem?
A. Singing songs
B. Creating delicious food
C. Teaching skills
D. Building houses
Answer: B

23. What does ‘myriad hues’ mean?
A. Few colours
B. Many colours
C. Dark shades
D. Bright lights
Answer: B

24. Which word is NOT a synonym of ‘varied’?
A. Assorted
B. Diverse
C. Uniform
D. Different
Answer: C

25. What is the purpose of a poster?
A. Tell a story
B. Announce an event
C. Write an essay
D. Describe a person
Answer: B

The post Class 9 English Chapter 2 The Pot Maker appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

Question: Why did Arenla want Sentila to learn weaving instead of pot making?

Answer: Arenla believed pot making was a tiring, messy, and poorly paid job, whereas weaving could be done indoors in all seasons and offered handsome financial returns.

Question: Why did the village council summon Sentila’s father, Mesoba?

Answer: The council questioned Mesoba because villagers were worried that Arenla was refusing to teach her daughter the traditional skill, fearing no expert would replace her.

Question: What was the elders’ view on traditional skills like pot making?

Answer: The elders believed such skills did not belong to any individual; they represented tradition and history, and experts were obliged to pass them on to others.

Question: How did the expert potters initially react to Sentila’s interest?

Answer: They were amused by her insistence, thinking she would soon outgrow her childish passion for the craft, as they considered it quite a tedious task.

Question: Why was pounding the clay considered a difficult task?

Answer: Pounding the stubborn clay inside bamboo cylinders was very tiring. It often caused exhaustion, leading workers to drop the mould and restart the entire process.

Question: What role did Onula play in Sentila’s life?

Answer: Onula, a kind supervisor at the dormitory, resolved to help Sentila. She taught her how to fashion a perfect pot, boosting the girl’s confidence significantly.

Question: How did Sentila feel when she finally succeeded in making pots?

Answer: Sentila felt like a sprinter who had suddenly found momentum. She made pot after pot with speed and dexterity, finally reaching her mother’s tally.

Question: What did Onula discover in the work shed after Arenla’s death?

Answer: Onula found two neat, newly-made rows of pots. She could not distinguish one batch from the other, realizing both were made with equal skill.

Question: What does the phrase “A new pot maker was born” signify?

Answer: It signifies that Sentila had finally mastered the craft, successfully overcoming her initial failures and continuing the family’s traditional legacy of pottery.

Question: Why did the clay seem unable to yield the right shape initially?

Answer: The clay could not yield the right shape because Sentila was too tense and clumsy in her efforts while trying to learn the skill.

Question: What specific detail did Sentila observe her mother doing while shaping the pot?

Answer: Sentila observed how her mother held the left hand and spatula, and how she slackened her rhythm to fashion the mouth of the pot.

Question: What is a ‘kiln’ in the context of this story?

Answer: A kiln is a structure where pots are loaded in a uniform pattern on hay and bamboo, then fired carefully to harden them.

Question: How did Mesoba explain Arenla’s reluctance to the village council?

Answer: He humbly explained that they were not refusing to teach her, but only wanted Sentila to grow stronger after her recent illness.

Question: What does ‘pittance’ mean as used by Arenla?

Answer: It refers to a very small or insignificant amount of money, which is all she earned after months of hard labor in making pots.

Question: Why did Sentila have to return home quickly from her visits to the potters?

Answer: She had to return before her mother arrived from the fields so that her mother would remain ignorant of her secret visits.

The post Class 9 English Chapter 2 The Pot Maker Extra Questions appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.

यहाँ पाठ में उल्लिखित सभी तत्वों, अम्लों, क्षारों और यौगिकों की पूरी सूची सारणी (टेबल) के रूप में दी गई है:

1. तत्व (Elements) पाठ में दिए गए सभी तत्वों की सूची निम्नलिखित है:

2. अम्ल एवं क्षारक (Acids and Bases) पाठ में मौजूद सभी अम्लों और क्षारों की सूची इस प्रकार है:

3. यौगिक (Compounds – ऑक्‍साइड, सल्फाइड, लवण आदि) पाठ में दिए गए अन्य सभी रासायनिक यौगिकों (Compounds) की सूची यहाँ दी गई है:

The post धातु एवं अधातु: भौतिक और रासायनिक गुणधर्म appeared first on VSJ BEAWAR.